Introduction to Psychology Basics
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Questions and Answers

Who is recognized as the Father of Experimental Psychology?

  • Sigmund Freud
  • Wilhelm Wundt (correct)
  • B.F. Skinner
  • Carl Rogers

    • What aspect of human behavior is described as visible to the naked eye?

  • Overt behavior (correct)
  • Covert behavior
  • Complex behavior
  • Involuntary behavior

    • Which type of behavior involves processes that occur without conscious awareness?

  • Overt behavior
  • Conscious behavior
  • Voluntary behavior
  • Unconscious behavior (correct)

    • Which of the following best describes rational behavior?

    <p>Intentional and based on thinking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What element of psychology focuses on the study of both abnormal and normal conditions in humans?

    <p>Studying</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes involuntary actions in human behavior?

    <p>Physiological processes within the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The study of the mind and soul of living organisms is primarily associated with which cultural influence?

    <p>Greek influence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following differentiates between simple and complex behaviors?

    <p>The degree of reasoning involved</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the optic nerve?

    <p>To transmit visual information from the retina to the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the eye is responsible for the highest visual acuity?

    <p>Fovea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the ciliary body in the eye?

    <p>To control the shape of the lens and produce aqueous humor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the sclera provide for the eye?

    <p>Protection and structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of excitatory impulses in neural communication?

    <p>To facilitate and speed up the transmission of neural impulses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure of the eye helps regulate the amount of light entering?

    <p>Pupil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the vitreous humor primarily contribute to?

    <p>Giving shape to the eye</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to the long, slender projection of a neuron that conducts electrical impulses away from the cell body?

    <p>Axon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the eye does NOT contain photoreceptors?

    <p>Optic Disc</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when a nerve impulse reaches the tip of the axon?

    <p>It triggers the release of neurotransmitters into the synapse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic of a neuron describes its ability to react to external stimuli?

    <p>Irritability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What function does the aqueous humor serve?

    <p>Providing nutrients and maintaining intraocular pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of synapses in the nervous system?

    <p>To facilitate communication between neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is action potential in the context of nerve impulses?

    <p>The initiation of nerve impulses when stimulated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main goals of the Philippine Mental Health Act?

    <p>To promote mental health and protect the rights of individuals with mental health issues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of inhibitory impulses on neural transmission?

    <p>They prevent or slow down transmission of neural impulses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which provision of the act focuses on the accessibility of mental health services?

    <p>Establishment of Mental Health Policies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the creation of electrical signals known as nerve impulses?

    <p>The receipt of a stimulus by a receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect does the Act emphasize regarding individuals with mental health conditions?

    <p>Protection of their rights and autonomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the Philippine Mental Health Act aim to reduce stigma around mental health issues?

    <p>Through public awareness and education initiatives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a requirement for mental health services according to the Act?

    <p>They should be integrated into primary healthcare settings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is specified in the funding provisions of the act?

    <p>Funding supports mental health programs and services at national and local levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which year was the Philippine Mental Health Act enacted?

    <p>2009</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is NOT a key provision of the Philippine Mental Health Act?

    <p>Mandatory incarceration for individuals with mental health conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the cerebellum?

    <p>Coordinating muscle movements and maintaining balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brainstem is primarily responsible for regulating heartbeat and respiration?

    <p>Medulla Oblongata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the transverse fissure in the brain?

    <p>Separating the cerebellum from the cerebrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the hippocampus?

    <p>Storing new events as long-term memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the amygdala's role in the brain?

    <p>It is involved in forming basic emotions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure connects the two halves of the cerebellum?

    <p>Pons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Reticular Formation primarily regulate?

    <p>Sensory inputs and arousal levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phase of memory does damage to the hippocampus primarily affect?

    <p>The initial storage of new events as long-term memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Thyroxine (T4)?

    <p>Increases metabolic rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone does the adrenal medulla primarily secrete?

    <p>Adrenaline (epinephrine)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is responsible for raising blood calcium levels?

    <p>Parathyroid hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of insulin in the body?

    <p>Decreases blood glucose level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is produced by the ovaries?

    <p>Estrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hormones promotes the maturation of eggs?

    <p>Estrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of glucagon in the body?

    <p>Raises blood glucose levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is secreted by the adrenal cortex?

    <p>Corticosteroids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does calcitonin have on bones?

    <p>Inhibits release of calcium from bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone stimulates the pancreas to produce bicarbonate?

    <p>Secretin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction to Psychology

    • Psychology is the scientific study of mind and behavior.
    • It examines biological influences, social pressures, and environmental factors affecting thoughts, actions, and feelings.
    • Psychology seeks to understand how individuals think, feel, and act.

    Etymology

    • Psyche: Greek word meaning "soul or mind."
    • Logos: Greek word meaning "study of."

    History of Psychology

    • Psychology's roots trace back to ancient philosophy.
    • It became a distinct scientific discipline in the late 19th century.
    • Key figures like Wilhelm Wundt established the first psychology laboratory, emphasizing empirical research and introspection.

    Goals of Psychology

    • Description: Accurately observing and documenting behaviors and mental processes.
    • Explanation: Understanding why behaviors and mental processes occur, developing theories.
    • Prediction: Forecasting how individuals will behave in certain situations.
    • Change: Promoting positive change in behavior and mental processes through interventions and therapies.

    Schools of Thought in Psychology

    • Structuralism: Wilhelm Wundt; focused on breaking down mental processes into basic components.
    • Functionalism: William James; focused on the purpose and function of mental processes, emphasizing adaptation.
    • Psychoanalysis: Sigmund Freud; emphasized the unconscious mind, childhood experiences, and interpersonal relationships in shaping behavior and personality.
    • Behaviorism: John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner; focused on observable behaviors and the environment's influence on them.
    • Humanistic Psychology: Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow; emphasized personal growth, self-actualization, and the inherent goodness of people.
    • Cognitive Psychology: Focuses on mental processes (perception, memory, problem-solving), examining how people think, learn, and remember.
    • Gestalt Psychology: Focused on understanding the mind and behavior as wholes, emphasizing perception.
    • Biopsychology (Neuroscience): Examines the relationship between biological processes and psychological phenomena.
    • Evolutionary Psychology: Explores how evolutionary principles influence human behavior and mental processes.
    • Cultural Psychology: Examines how cultural factors influence psychological processes.
    • Phrenology: Skull shape determines personality and abilities.
    • Graphology: Handwriting analysis for personality traits.
    • Astrology: Celestial bodies influencing human behavior.
    • Dowsing: Using tools to locate resources or identify psychological states.
    • Other practices: Rebirthing therapy, crystal healing, past-life regression therapy, energy healing, laughter therapy, aura reading

    Psychology and the Mind:

    • The mind is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.
    • Behavior includes outward (overt) actions and reactions.
    • Mental processes are internal (covert) activities of the mind.

    Biological Basis of Human Behavior (Part 1)

    • Nervous system: Body's control center, composed of neurons (nerve cells) and glia
    • Divisions: Central Nervous System (brain and spinal cord), Peripheral Nervous System (nerves outside CNS)
      • Further divides into Somatic (voluntary) and Autonomic (involuntary) systems, including both sympathetic and parasympathetic branches

    Parts of the Brain and Their Functions

    • Forebrain: Cerebrum (largest), thalamus, hypothalamus
    • Midbrain: Connects forebrain and hindbrain
    • Hindbrain: Cerebellum (balance, coordination), pons, medulla (basic survival functions)

    Memory and Forgetting

    • Memory: The ability to store, retain, and recall information.
    • Three stages: Encoding, Storage, Retrieval.
    • Different kinds: Sensory, Short-term, Long-term memories.
    • Causes of forgetting: Faulty techniques, emotional blocking, poor retrieval cues, interference, amnesia

    Learning as a Process

    • Learning: Change in behavior, lifelong process.
    • Factors affecting learning: Intelligence, age, motivation, anxiety.
    • Different types of learning: Trial and error, classical conditioning, operant conditioning, insight learning

    Theories of Motivation

    • Instinct theory: Inborn tendencies drive behavior.
    • Drive reduction theory: Motivation arises from biological needs.
    • Incentive theory: Driven by desires for rewards.
    • Hierarchy of needs (Maslow): Levels of needs, from basic to self-actualization.
    • Cognitive theory: Motivation from thought processes.

    Theories of Emotions

    • James-Lange theory: Physiological arousal precedes emotion.
    • Cannon-Bard theory: Physiological arousal and emotion occur simultaneously.
    • Schachter-Singer two-factor theory: Arousal plus cognitive label equals emotion.
    • Cognitive theory: Cognition comes before emotion.

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    Test your knowledge on fundamental concepts in psychology with this quiz. Explore important questions about human behavior, influential figures, and key distinctions in psychological study. Perfect for beginners and those looking to refresh their understanding of psychology.

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