Introduction to Psychology Basics
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Questions and Answers

Who is recognized as the Father of Experimental Psychology?

  • Sigmund Freud
  • Wilhelm Wundt (correct)
  • B.F. Skinner
  • Carl Rogers

What aspect of human behavior is described as visible to the naked eye?

  • Overt behavior (correct)
  • Covert behavior
  • Complex behavior
  • Involuntary behavior

Which type of behavior involves processes that occur without conscious awareness?

  • Overt behavior
  • Conscious behavior
  • Voluntary behavior
  • Unconscious behavior (correct)

Which of the following best describes rational behavior?

<p>Intentional and based on thinking (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What element of psychology focuses on the study of both abnormal and normal conditions in humans?

<p>Studying (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes involuntary actions in human behavior?

<p>Physiological processes within the body (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The study of the mind and soul of living organisms is primarily associated with which cultural influence?

<p>Greek influence (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following differentiates between simple and complex behaviors?

<p>The degree of reasoning involved (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the optic nerve?

<p>To transmit visual information from the retina to the brain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the eye is responsible for the highest visual acuity?

<p>Fovea (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the ciliary body in the eye?

<p>To control the shape of the lens and produce aqueous humor (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the sclera provide for the eye?

<p>Protection and structure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of excitatory impulses in neural communication?

<p>To facilitate and speed up the transmission of neural impulses (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure of the eye helps regulate the amount of light entering?

<p>Pupil (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the vitreous humor primarily contribute to?

<p>Giving shape to the eye (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the long, slender projection of a neuron that conducts electrical impulses away from the cell body?

<p>Axon (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the eye does NOT contain photoreceptors?

<p>Optic Disc (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when a nerve impulse reaches the tip of the axon?

<p>It triggers the release of neurotransmitters into the synapse (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic of a neuron describes its ability to react to external stimuli?

<p>Irritability (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What function does the aqueous humor serve?

<p>Providing nutrients and maintaining intraocular pressure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of synapses in the nervous system?

<p>To facilitate communication between neurons (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is action potential in the context of nerve impulses?

<p>The initiation of nerve impulses when stimulated (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main goals of the Philippine Mental Health Act?

<p>To promote mental health and protect the rights of individuals with mental health issues (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of inhibitory impulses on neural transmission?

<p>They prevent or slow down transmission of neural impulses (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which provision of the act focuses on the accessibility of mental health services?

<p>Establishment of Mental Health Policies (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What initiates the creation of electrical signals known as nerve impulses?

<p>The receipt of a stimulus by a receptor (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect does the Act emphasize regarding individuals with mental health conditions?

<p>Protection of their rights and autonomy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the Philippine Mental Health Act aim to reduce stigma around mental health issues?

<p>Through public awareness and education initiatives (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a requirement for mental health services according to the Act?

<p>They should be integrated into primary healthcare settings (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is specified in the funding provisions of the act?

<p>Funding supports mental health programs and services at national and local levels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which year was the Philippine Mental Health Act enacted?

<p>2009 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is NOT a key provision of the Philippine Mental Health Act?

<p>Mandatory incarceration for individuals with mental health conditions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the cerebellum?

<p>Coordinating muscle movements and maintaining balance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brainstem is primarily responsible for regulating heartbeat and respiration?

<p>Medulla Oblongata (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the transverse fissure in the brain?

<p>Separating the cerebellum from the cerebrum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the hippocampus?

<p>Storing new events as long-term memory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the amygdala's role in the brain?

<p>It is involved in forming basic emotions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure connects the two halves of the cerebellum?

<p>Pons (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Reticular Formation primarily regulate?

<p>Sensory inputs and arousal levels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phase of memory does damage to the hippocampus primarily affect?

<p>The initial storage of new events as long-term memory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Thyroxine (T4)?

<p>Increases metabolic rate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hormone does the adrenal medulla primarily secrete?

<p>Adrenaline (epinephrine) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is responsible for raising blood calcium levels?

<p>Parathyroid hormone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of insulin in the body?

<p>Decreases blood glucose level (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is produced by the ovaries?

<p>Estrogen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following hormones promotes the maturation of eggs?

<p>Estrogen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of glucagon in the body?

<p>Raises blood glucose levels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is secreted by the adrenal cortex?

<p>Corticosteroids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does calcitonin have on bones?

<p>Inhibits release of calcium from bones (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone stimulates the pancreas to produce bicarbonate?

<p>Secretin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Excitatory

A type of neural communication that increases the likelihood of a signal passing from one neuron to another.

Inhibitory

A type of neural communication that decreases the likelihood of a signal passing from one neuron to another.

Axon

The long, slender projection of a neuron that carries electrical impulses away from the cell body.

Synapses

The junctions between neurons where communication occurs, often involving the release of neurotransmitters.

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Action Potential

The process of a neuron sending a signal down its axon.

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Stimulus

Anything that excites or initiates activity in a neuron.

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Irritability

The ability of a neuron to react to external stimuli.

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Conductivity

The ability of a neuron to transmit nerve impulses along its fiber.

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Animistic Belief

The belief that inanimate objects, like rocks or trees, have spirits or souls. It's often linked to early cultures and their connection with nature.

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What is the Philippine Mental Health Act?

Republic Act No. 10029, also known as the "Philippine Mental Health Act," was enacted in 2009 to improve mental health care in the Philippines.

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What does the Philippine Mental Health Act say about Mental Health Policies?

This law requires creating national policies and programs to ensure mental health services are available and comprehensive for everyone.

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Greek Influence on Psychology

The influence of ancient Greek philosophers on psychology's development. Greeks were fascinated by the mind and soul, believing humans were the most advanced animals due to their ability to reason.

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What does the Philippine Mental Health Act say about the Rights of People with Mental Health Conditions?

The Act protects the rights of people with mental health conditions, making sure they are treated with dignity and respect, and have control over their own lives.

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Wilhelm Wundt and Experimental Psychology

Wilhelm Wundt, a German psychologist, is considered the 'Father of Experimental Psychology'. He established the first psychology lab in 1879, marking a turning point for psychology as a scientific discipline.

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Studying Human Behavior and Mental Processes

Psychology studies both normal and abnormal human behavior and mental processes. It explores what makes people 'tick' and how their experiences shape them.

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How does the Philippine Mental Health Act promote Integration of Mental Health in Healthcare?

The Philippine Mental Health Act encourages integrating mental health services into primary healthcare settings, making it easier for people to access these services.

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Overt Behavior

Overt behaviors are actions that are visible and can be observed by others. Think of things like smiling, walking, or raising your hand.

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How does the Philippine Mental Health Act promote Public Awareness and Education?

The Act emphasizes the importance of public awareness and education about mental health issues. It aims to decrease stigma and encourage open conversations about mental health.

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How does the Philippine Mental Health Act address Funding and Resources?

The Philippine Mental Health Act provides funds to support mental health programs and services, both nationally and locally.

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Covert Behavior

Covert behaviors are internal, unobservable actions happening within a person. Examples include thinking, feeling emotions, or having a memory.

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What is the significance of the Philippine Mental Health Act?

The Philippine Mental Health Act is a significant step forward in improving mental health care and support in the Philippines.

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Conscious

A state of being aware of your surroundings, thoughts, and feelings. It's when you're conscious of what's happening around you.

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Unconscious

Part of your mind that you're not aware of. It includes thoughts, feelings, or memories that are hidden from your conscious awareness.

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What does "Integration of Mental Health in Healthcare" mean in the Philippine Mental Health Act?

The law advocates for the integration of mental health services into primary healthcare settings.

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Transverse Fissure

A deep groove separating the cerebellum from the cerebrum. Plays a role in brain organization.

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Brain Stem

The control center for involuntary behaviors, consisting of the medulla oblongata, midbrain, and pons.

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Medulla Oblongata

Part of the brain stem responsible for regulating heartbeat, breathing, circulation, and reflexes like swallowing and coughing.

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Pons

Part of the brain stem connecting the two halves of the cerebellum, transmitting motor information, and coordinating muscle movements.

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Reticular Formation (RAS)

A network of nerve cells that control sensory input and regulate alertness, arousal, and sleep.

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Limbic System

Often referred to as the 'animal brain', this system is involved in emotions, memory, and motivation.

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Hippocampus

Part of the limbic system involved in forming memories of new events and storing them as long-term memory.

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Amygdala

Part of the limbic system involved in processing emotions and memories with an emotional component, like fear and anger.

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Cornea

The clear, dome-shaped front surface of the eye that helps focus light.

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Pupil

The opening in the center of the iris that controls the amount of light entering the eye.

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Iris

The colored part of the eye that controls the size of the pupil.

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Retina

A layer of tissue at the back of the eye containing photoreceptor cells (rods and cones) These cells capture light and convert it into electrical signals sent to the brain.

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Fovea

A small depression in the retina where visual acuity is highest. It contains a high concentration of cones, responsible for sharp, central vision.

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Optic Nerve

The nerve that transmits visual information from the retina to the brain.

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Optic Disc

The point where the optic nerve exits the eye. It doesn't contain photoreceptors, causing a 'blind spot' in our vision.

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Thyroxin (T4)

A hormone secreted by the thyroid gland that increases metabolic rate, body temperature, and regulates growth and development.

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Calcitonin

A hormone secreted by the thyroid gland that inhibits the release of calcium from bones, helping to regulate blood calcium levels.

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Parathyroid Hormone (Parathormone)

A hormone secreted by the parathyroid gland that stimulates the release of calcium from bones, raising blood calcium levels and promoting calcium reabsorption in the kidneys.

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Corticosteroids

Steroid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex that regulate heartbeat, increase resistance to stress, and promote muscle development.

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Adrenaline (Epinephrine)

A hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla that increases sugar and fatty acid levels in the blood, increasing metabolic rate.

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Nor-adrenaline (Norepinephrine)

A hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla that constricts some blood vessels and contracts the heart.

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Insulin

A hormone secreted by the pancreas that decreases blood glucose levels by promoting glucose uptake by cells and stopping the liver from producing more sugar.

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Glucagon

A hormone secreted by the pancreas that raises blood glucose levels, preventing blood sugar levels from dropping too low.

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Estrogen

A hormone produced by the ovaries that stimulates the development of female secondary sexual characteristics, increases vaginal lubrication, matures eggs, and promotes the growth of the uterine lining.

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Testosterone

A hormone produced by the testes that stimulates the development of male genitalia and secondary sexual characteristics, promotes spermatogenesis, and plays a key role in overall health and sexual functioning.

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Study Notes

Introduction to Psychology

  • Psychology is the scientific study of mind and behavior.
  • It examines biological influences, social pressures, and environmental factors affecting thoughts, actions, and feelings.
  • Psychology seeks to understand how individuals think, feel, and act.

Etymology

  • Psyche: Greek word meaning "soul or mind."
  • Logos: Greek word meaning "study of."

History of Psychology

  • Psychology's roots trace back to ancient philosophy.
  • It became a distinct scientific discipline in the late 19th century.
  • Key figures like Wilhelm Wundt established the first psychology laboratory, emphasizing empirical research and introspection.

Goals of Psychology

  • Description: Accurately observing and documenting behaviors and mental processes.
  • Explanation: Understanding why behaviors and mental processes occur, developing theories.
  • Prediction: Forecasting how individuals will behave in certain situations.
  • Change: Promoting positive change in behavior and mental processes through interventions and therapies.

Schools of Thought in Psychology

  • Structuralism: Wilhelm Wundt; focused on breaking down mental processes into basic components.
  • Functionalism: William James; focused on the purpose and function of mental processes, emphasizing adaptation.
  • Psychoanalysis: Sigmund Freud; emphasized the unconscious mind, childhood experiences, and interpersonal relationships in shaping behavior and personality.
  • Behaviorism: John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner; focused on observable behaviors and the environment's influence on them.
  • Humanistic Psychology: Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow; emphasized personal growth, self-actualization, and the inherent goodness of people.
  • Cognitive Psychology: Focuses on mental processes (perception, memory, problem-solving), examining how people think, learn, and remember.
  • Gestalt Psychology: Focused on understanding the mind and behavior as wholes, emphasizing perception.
  • Biopsychology (Neuroscience): Examines the relationship between biological processes and psychological phenomena.
  • Evolutionary Psychology: Explores how evolutionary principles influence human behavior and mental processes.
  • Cultural Psychology: Examines how cultural factors influence psychological processes.
  • Phrenology: Skull shape determines personality and abilities.
  • Graphology: Handwriting analysis for personality traits.
  • Astrology: Celestial bodies influencing human behavior.
  • Dowsing: Using tools to locate resources or identify psychological states.
  • Other practices: Rebirthing therapy, crystal healing, past-life regression therapy, energy healing, laughter therapy, aura reading

Psychology and the Mind:

  • The mind is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.
  • Behavior includes outward (overt) actions and reactions.
  • Mental processes are internal (covert) activities of the mind.

Biological Basis of Human Behavior (Part 1)

  • Nervous system: Body's control center, composed of neurons (nerve cells) and glia
  • Divisions: Central Nervous System (brain and spinal cord), Peripheral Nervous System (nerves outside CNS)
    • Further divides into Somatic (voluntary) and Autonomic (involuntary) systems, including both sympathetic and parasympathetic branches

Parts of the Brain and Their Functions

  • Forebrain: Cerebrum (largest), thalamus, hypothalamus
  • Midbrain: Connects forebrain and hindbrain
  • Hindbrain: Cerebellum (balance, coordination), pons, medulla (basic survival functions)

Memory and Forgetting

  • Memory: The ability to store, retain, and recall information.
  • Three stages: Encoding, Storage, Retrieval.
  • Different kinds: Sensory, Short-term, Long-term memories.
  • Causes of forgetting: Faulty techniques, emotional blocking, poor retrieval cues, interference, amnesia

Learning as a Process

  • Learning: Change in behavior, lifelong process.
  • Factors affecting learning: Intelligence, age, motivation, anxiety.
  • Different types of learning: Trial and error, classical conditioning, operant conditioning, insight learning

Theories of Motivation

  • Instinct theory: Inborn tendencies drive behavior.
  • Drive reduction theory: Motivation arises from biological needs.
  • Incentive theory: Driven by desires for rewards.
  • Hierarchy of needs (Maslow): Levels of needs, from basic to self-actualization.
  • Cognitive theory: Motivation from thought processes.

Theories of Emotions

  • James-Lange theory: Physiological arousal precedes emotion.
  • Cannon-Bard theory: Physiological arousal and emotion occur simultaneously.
  • Schachter-Singer two-factor theory: Arousal plus cognitive label equals emotion.
  • Cognitive theory: Cognition comes before emotion.

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