Psychology: Attitudes, Beliefs, and Consistency
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Questions and Answers

What is an attitude primarily?

  • A permanent trait of an individual's personality
  • A temporary feeling towards an object or situation
  • A way of being set towards or against certain things (correct)
  • A learned behavior towards a specific stimulus

    • What determines an individual's orientation towards their social and physical environment?

  • Their mood at a particular time
  • Their personality traits
  • Their peers' opinions
  • Their attitude towards a specific stimulus (correct)

    • What influences an individual's response to all objects and situations?

  • Their mental state of readiness (correct)
  • Their upbringing
  • Their past experiences
  • Their emotional state

    • What is a characteristic of an attitude?

    <p>It is a specific mental disposition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an attitude formation process?

    <p>A subconscious mental state of readiness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do attitudes play in motivating action?

    <p>They mobilise action to approach or avoid a stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an attitude related to?

    <p>Objects, ideas, events, or other people</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an attitude a way of being set towards or against?

    <p>Certain things</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the Cognitive Component of attitude?

    <p>A person's system of beliefs, perceptions and stereotypes about the attitude object</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of attitude involves a kind of emotion experienced towards the object?

    <p>Affective Component</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term often used as a substitute for the Cognitive Component of an attitude?

    <p>Opinion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the Behavioural Component of attitude?

    <p>The tendency to react towards the object of attitude in certain specific ways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is essential for the development of attitudes towards objects, persons, and values?

    <p>Social interaction and experience</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of attitudes?

    <p>They are always associated with ideas, ways and external objects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between attitudes and motivational appeal?

    <p>Attitudes may or may not have motivational appeal initially</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary distinction between the Affective Component and the Cognitive Component of attitude?

    <p>The Affective Component is related to emotions and the Cognitive Component is related to thoughts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the underlying reason for assuming people see the world in the same way we do?

    <p>To create a sense of balance and avoid contradictions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main idea behind balance theory?

    <p>Balanced states are preferred over unbalanced states, and unbalanced states motivate people to change them to balanced states.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of inconsistencies according to cognitive dissonance theory?

    <p>An unpleasant mental state called cognitive dissonance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary drive of the automatic system when it detects inconsistencies?

    <p>To send out alarm signals such as distress or arousal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between expressed attitudes and actual behavior?

    <p>Expressed attitudes are hardly good predictors of behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is moral hypocrisy?

    <p>Appearing moral while avoiding the cost of being so</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between attitudes and beliefs?

    <p>Attitudes reflect how we view the world, while beliefs are the facts and information that we accept as true</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of beliefs?

    <p>To help us cope or hurt us if they are irrational</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of attitudes towards a particular object or action?

    <p>To approach or avoid it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of a favourable attitude?

    <p>It has positive values</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do attitudes develop?

    <p>They are learned, acquired, and conditioned through society</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Can attitudes be changed?

    <p>Yes, depending on circumstances and experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of automatic attitudes?

    <p>They are more difficult to measure than deliberate attitudes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do social roles influence attitudes?

    <p>They have a strong influence on attitudes through social norms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can attitudes be learned?

    <p>In a variety of ways, including direct experience, observation, and learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between possessing an attitude and decision making?

    <p>Possessing an attitude increases the ease, speed, and quality of decision making</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of advertisers using classical and operant conditioning?

    <p>To influence people's attitude towards a particular product</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the tendency to come to like things simply because they are encountered repeatedly?

    <p>Mere exposure effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is credited with the discovery of classical conditioning?

    <p>Ivan Pavlov</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of repeated pairings in classical conditioning?

    <p>A neutral stimulus comes to evoke a conditioned response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do advertisers sometimes cancel their contracts with famous people?

    <p>Due to a change in the celebrity's public perception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principle of operant conditioning?

    <p>People repeat behaviors that have been rewarded</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who demonstrated that young children imitate aggressive behaviors they observed in models?

    <p>Albert Bandura</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of behaviors that have been punished, according to operant conditioning?

    <p>They are less likely to be repeated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Attitudes, Beliefs, and Consistency

    Definition of Attitudes

    • Attitudes are evaluations people make about objects, ideas, events, or other people
    • Attitudes denote a functional state of readiness that determines how an individual reacts to certain stimuli or situations
    • Attitudes are a way of being set towards or against certain things

    ABC Components of Attitude

    • Affect: Emotional responses (e.g., love, hate, like, dislike)
    • Behaviour: Behavioural tendencies (verbal and non-verbal actions)
    • Cognition: Thoughts, knowledge, and beliefs about the attitudinal object

    Characteristics and Properties of Attitudes

    • Attitudes imply a subject-object relationship
    • Attitudes may or may not have motivational appeal initially
    • Attitudes give direction to one's behaviour and actions
    • Attitudes are coloured with motivational and evaluative characteristics
    • Attitudes are not innate but learned, acquired, and conditioned
    • Attitudes can be changed depending on circumstances, experiences, and information

    Theories of Attitude Formation

    • Experience: Attitudes form directly as a result of experience
    • Social Factors: Social roles and social norms can influence attitudes
    • Learning: Attitudes can be learned through classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and social learning

    Classical Conditioning

    • Ivan Pavlov: Learning through repeated pairings of a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus
    • Example: Advertisers using classical conditioning to influence people's attitudes towards a product

    Operant Conditioning

    • B.F. Skinner: People are more likely to repeat behaviours that have been rewarded and less likely to repeat behaviours that have been punished
    • Example: Advertisers using operant conditioning to sell products

    Social Learning

    • Albert Bandura: People are more likely to imitate behaviours if they have seen others rewarded for them
    • Example: Children imitating aggressive acts they observed in aggressive models

    Cognitive Dissonance and Attitude Change

    • Cognitive dissonance theory: Inconsistencies produce an unpleasant mental state called cognitive dissonance, leading people to rationalize their behaviour or change their attitudes
    • Balance theory: Balanced states are preferred over unbalanced states, and unbalanced states motivate people to change them to balanced states

    Attitudes and Behavior

    • The Theory of Planned Behaviour: Attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control influence behavioural intentions
    • Attitudes do not always predict behaviour: Expressed attitudes may not match actual behaviour, and moral hypocrisy can occur

    Summary

    • Attitudes and beliefs reflect how we view the world
    • Attitudes are formed through automatic and deliberate processes and are fairly stable once formed
    • Beliefs are the facts and information that we accept as true, which can help us cope or hurt us if they are irrational

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    Description

    Learn about attitudes, their characteristics, formation, and change theories. Understand the relationship between attitudes and behavior, and summarize consistency theories.

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