Psychology Chapter: Attitudes and Comparisons

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Questions and Answers

What is a primary outcome of social identity theory proposed by Tajfel and Turner?

Increased intergroup cooperation

Reduction of outgroup discrimination

Complete assimilation of different groups

Boosting the status of one's own group (correct)

How do social representations help individuals interact with each other?

By establishing rigid social hierarchies

By creating conflict between different groups

By promoting individualism over collectivism

By providing shared meanings about objects and ideas (correct)

What factor is crucial for a minority group to influence a majority according to minority influence theory?

A larger group size than the majority

Submission and compliance to majority views

Consistency and confidence in their position (correct)

The use of authoritative power

What is one characteristic of Asian social psychology as described in the provided content?

It focuses on indigenous research and cultural aspects Signup and view all the answers

According to Moscovici's concept of social representations, how are shared ideas created?

Through conversation and societal interaction Signup and view all the answers

What conceptual framework did Chinese social psychologist Ho propose?

Relational orientation Signup and view all the answers

What does ingroup bias refer to in the context of social identity theory?

Preferring one's own group over others Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of minority influence becoming perceived as consistent?

It increases perceptions of confidence and may lead to defections from the majority Signup and view all the answers

What type of social comparison involves evaluating oneself against someone perceived to be socially superior?

Upward Social Comparison Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the tricomponential view of attitudes reflects feelings and emotions?

Affective component Signup and view all the answers

What motivates individuals to reduce cognitive dissonance?

Need for psychological comfort Signup and view all the answers

How do European social psychologists differ from American social psychologists?

They focus more on intergroup relations. Signup and view all the answers

What does the behavioral component of attitudes entail?

Actions related to the object Signup and view all the answers

In cognitive dissonance theory, what may a person change to reduce dissonance?

Their behaviors or beliefs Signup and view all the answers

Which concept refers to the tendency to evaluate oneself against others of similar status?

Social Comparison Theory Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of sociological social psychology?

Relationship between individuals and their environment Signup and view all the answers

What was the main objective of Chiu (2007) regarding Asian social psychology?

To expand research ideas beyond geographical constraints. Signup and view all the answers

What significant development in Filipino indigenous psychology occurred in the 1970s?

The founding of the Pambansang Samahan sa Sikolohiyang Pilipino (PSSP). Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following concepts is NOT emphasized in Sikolohiyang Pilipino?

Cultural superiority of Western psychology Signup and view all the answers

What was the general trend of psychological research in the Philippines before indigenous psychology developed?

Application of Western models to local contexts. Signup and view all the answers

What societal issue did Sikolohiyang Pilipino aim to address?

Colonization and its impacts on culture. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following goals is stressed by Sikolohiyang Pilipino?

Confronting social problems relevant to Filipino realities. Signup and view all the answers

According to Bernardo (1997), what percentage of studies were focused on social psychological topics in the Philippines during the 1970s?

A large percentage, over 70% Signup and view all the answers

What does Sikolohiyang Pilipino identify as integral to understanding Filipino culture?

The incorporation of indigenous language. Signup and view all the answers

What does the absence of hiya signify in social contexts?

Disregard for social norms Signup and view all the answers

What is utang na loob primarily related to?

Obligation that arises from a gift Signup and view all the answers

Which phrase best encapsulates the essence of pakikisama?

Maintaining smooth interpersonal relations Signup and view all the answers

What does pakikipagkapwa emphasize in Filipino culture?

Shared identity and treating others as equals Signup and view all the answers

Individuals who do not acknowledge their debt of gratitude are referred to as what?

Walang utang na loob Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the process involved when one is viewed as an outsider (ibang tao)?

Navigating various forms of interaction with others Signup and view all the answers

What cultural value underscores the Filipino practice of giving gifts?

The importance of establishing social obligations Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true about the concept 'Ang hindi lumingon sa pinanggalingan ay hindi makakarating sa paroroonan'?

It highlights the importance of recognizing one's roots. Signup and view all the answers

Which set of values described by Enriquez represents the confrontative aspect of Filipino personality?

Bahala na, sama/lakas ng loob, pakikibaka Signup and view all the answers

What is the core value that connects all different Filipino values according to Enriquez?

Kapwa Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'pakiramdam' refer to in the context of Filipino values?

Shared inner perception Signup and view all the answers

How does Enriquez view the traditional Filipino values of hiya, utang na loob, and pakikisama?

They are considered superficial and accommodating. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of kagandahang-loob in the context of Filipino societal values?

It signifies shared humanity. Signup and view all the answers

In what way do karangalan, katarungan, and kalayaan function within Enriquez's model?

As foundational societal values Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of hiya emphasize in Filipino social interactions?

Sensitivity to the feelings of others Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the relational nature of Filipino psychology, according to the content?

It focuses on interpersonal relationships. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

We compare ourselves to others that we perceive to be similar, like peers.
Upward social comparison: We compare ourselves to people we deem socially better than us, like role models.
Downward social comparison: We compare ourselves to those who are worse off, used to boost self-esteem.

Cognitive Dissonance

Psychological discomfort or dissonance arises from inconsistencies in our cognitions, like attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors.
We're motivated to reduce this tension by changing our attitudes, beliefs, behaviors, or justifying them.

Psychology of Attitudes

A psychological tendency expressed through evaluation of an object with a degree of favor or disfavor.
It's internal and inferred from behavior.
The target can be people, concepts, or behaviors.

Tricomponential View of Attitudes

Conceptualizes attitude as a single identity with three components:
- Cognitive: Thoughts, ideas, and beliefs.
- Affective: Feeling and emotional component.
- Behavioral: Action-related component.

Separate Entities View of Attitudes

Views the three components as separate and not always related, depending on the situation.

Emphasizes social context in social psychology.
Focuses on intergroup relations, group performance, leadership, and intragroup behavior.
Considers traditional social psychology as too focused on the individual.
Two kinds of social psychology:
- Psychological social psychology.
- Sociological social psychology.
Provides a greater emphasis on social contextual dimensions compared to American counterparts.
Focuses on social identity, social representation, and minority influence.

Proposes that group membership is a source of pride and social identity.
We boost our group's status to enhance self-esteem.
Explains ingroup bias (favoring one's own group) and outgroup discrimination (not favoring others).

Socially shared ideas about the world around us.
Provide a common meaning for understanding and interaction.
Produced through communication and guide action.

Minority Influence

Argues that a consistent and confident minority can overcome majority influence.
Minority consistency evokes perception of confidence and courage, leading to defections from the majority.

Branded as "cultural".
Emphasizes relational orientation, indigenous research, culture and social behavior, and specific topics.

Relational Orientation (Ho, 1993)

Asian social psychology starts with relational conceptions of human existence.

Global Identity with Asian Character (Chiu, 2007)

Advocates for transcending arbitrary geographical or intellectual boundaries.
Aims to develop theories explaining Asian social psychological phenomena for Asia and beyond.

Emerged as a new research area in the 1970s.
Focuses on topics like attribution, social perception, communication, decision-making, attitude change, altruism, stereotypes, reference groups, and language.
Many studies were on social psychological topics (Bernardo, 1997).
Often applies Western theoretical models and methods to the local context (Church, 1987b).

Indigenous Psychology in the Philippines

Most important development was the founding of Pambansang Samahan sa Sikolohiyang Pilipino (PSSP), or National Association for Philippine Psychology by Virgilio G. Enriquez (Lagmay, 1984).
A protest against colonization and push towards indigenization of psychology.
Emphasizes identity and national consciousness, social awareness and involvement, psychology of language and culture, and application and basis of Filipino psychology in health practices, agriculture, art, mass media, and religion.

Sikolohiyang Pilipino

Indigenous Asian psychology.
Stresses the need for psychology to be ethical, relevant to Filipino social realities, and culturally appropriate (Enriquez, 1997).
Encourages confronting social problems and national issues.
Utilizes indigenous theories and methods.
Emphasizes the Filipino language to understand Filipino culture.

Enriquez's Kapwa Model (1978, 1992)

Critiques the emphasis on hiya, utang na loob, and pakikisama in Filipino personality and values studies.
Describes these values as accommodative surface values that support an image of the Filipino as subservient.
Asserts confrontative surface values like bahala na, sama/ lakas ng loob, and pakikibaka that present a counterimage of the Filipino as capable of determination, courage, and resistance.
Highlights the dual nature of Filipinos: accommodating and confrontative, acceding and resisting.
Conceptualizes Filipino societal values of karangalan (dignity), katarungan (justice), and kalayaan (freedom) as foundational.
Argues that kapwa, or shared identity, is the core value connecting all Filipino values.
Pakiramdam, or shared inner perception, links kapwa to surface values.
Kagandahang-loob, or shared humanity, links kapwa to societal values.

Pakikipagkapwa-tao (Interacting with Others)

Manifesting appropriate surface values through pakiramdam (perceiving another person's feelings) or interacting with others.

Pagkamakatao (Valuing People)

Sharing freedom, justice, and dignity with society through kagandahang-loob, or experiencing shared humanity, hence valuing people.

Filipino psychology is relational rather than personality or value-based.

Five Key Indigenous Concepts:

Hiya (Propriety/ Dignity)
- Closest to shyness, timidity, embarrassment, and sensitivity to others.
- Tied to the need for acceptance.
- Fear of losing support or approval requires consideration for others.
- Conformity to social expectations for acceptance.
- Showing respect for others' feelings and regard for social expectations.
- Absence of hiya indicates disregard for social norms, lack of consideration, or insensitivity to authority figures.
Utang na loob (Gratitude/ Solidarity)
- Conceptualized as a system of exchange.
- Obligation to reciprocate gifts in the future.
- Incurring a debt of gratitude.
- Individuals who don't recognize this debt are walang utang na loob.
- Represents reciprocity for help received.
- Filipino way of expressing gratitude and returning favors.
Pakikisama (Companionship/ Esteem)
- Filipinos value social acceptance.
- Enacting smooth interpersonal relations: getting along, avoiding conflict, being agreeable, and being sensitive.
- Maintaining smooth relations by conforming to the group or majority.
- Filipinos are concerned with pakikipagkapwa, treating others as fellow human beings.
Kapwa (Shared Identity)
- Divided into two:
  - Outsider (ibang tao): Interaction ranges from pakikitungo (transaction/ civility) to pakikisalamuha (interaction) to pakikilahok (joining/ participating) to pakikibagay (conformity/ accord) to pakikisama (being/ going along).
  - Insider (kapwa): Interaction ranges from pakikipagpalagayang loob (getting acquainted/ being at ease with) to pakikipagkaibigan (being friends) to pakikipag-ugnayan (relating/ bonding with) to pakikipag-isa (union/ oneness) to pakikipagkaisa (unity/ oneness) to pakikipagkapwa-tao (fellow human being).

This is a summary of the text provided, focusing on key facts and contextual information. You can use it to understand the core concepts of social comparison, cognitive dissonance, attitudes, European social psychology, social identity theory, social representations, minority influence, Asian social psychology, and Filipino psychology. It also highlights indigenous concepts of Filipino social reality including hiya, utang na loob, pakikisama, and kapwa.

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Description

Explore key concepts in social comparison theory, cognitive dissonance, and the psychology of attitudes. This quiz dives into how we evaluate ourselves in relation to others and the components of our attitudes. Test your understanding of these psychological principles and their implications on behavior.