itp concious
48 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What does Reverse Learning Theory propose about dreams?

  • Dreams flush away unnecessary information. (correct)
  • Dreams facilitate problem solving.
  • Dreams help to process emotions.
  • Dreams enhance memory retention.

    • Which of the following is NOT a suggested cause of insomnia?

  • Stress
  • Excitement
  • Worry
  • Sleep restriction (correct)

    • During which sleep phase does sleepwalking most commonly occur?

  • Stage 1 sleep
  • REM sleep
  • Deeper states of non-REM sleep (correct)
  • Light sleep

    • What is commonly associated with sleep talking?

    <p>Genetics and mental health issues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose suggested by the Dreams for Survival Theory?

    <p>Reconsider and reprocess critical information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a suggested treatment for insomnia?

    <p>Using sleeping pills excessively</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relation of sleepwalking to the timing of sleep?

    <p>Commonly occurs during the first third of the night.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which emotion is typically linked to the causes of insomnia?

    <p>Excitement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of consciousness?

    <p>The awareness that makes you alive and aware of the world.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which level of consciousness involves being awake and alert to one's surroundings?

    <p>Wakefulness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the flow of thoughts, feelings, and sensations through our minds?

    <p>Stream of consciousness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is referred to as internal stimuli?

    <p>Thoughts, emotions, and bodily sensations within an individual.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what state are mental processes not accessible to conscious awareness?

    <p>Unconscious</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes an altered state of consciousness?

    <p>Deep relaxation, trance-like states, or hallucinations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes external stimuli?

    <p>Sensory inputs that come from the environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of normal consciousness?

    <p>Everyday awareness and alertness to thoughts and feelings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of drug dependence?

    <p>Chronic and progressive impairment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms is NOT commonly associated with physical dependence?

    <p>Cravings for the substance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can happen if detox is not conducted in a supervised environment?

    <p>Serious risks, including death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a symptom of psychological dependence?

    <p>Mood swings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do stimulants like cocaine typically have on the body?

    <p>Speed up activity in the Central Nervous System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of dissociation theory in hypnosis?

    <p>Split in consciousness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common result of abusing amphetamines?

    <p>High blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a misconception related to hypnosis?

    <p>It can increase memory accuracy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What class of drugs is primarily associated with slowing down central nervous system activity?

    <p>Depressants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is NOT relevant to physical dependence?

    <p>Decreased heart rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are cravings related to in terms of substance dependence?

    <p>Psychological dependence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What psychological condition is associated with habitual use of a substance?

    <p>Addiction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of psychoactive drug is associated with creating distorted perceptions of reality?

    <p>Psychedelics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which effect of hypnosis is commonly recognized?

    <p>Enhanced athletic ability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can lead to lethal doses when using stimulants?

    <p>Anxiety and jitteriness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common use of opiates?

    <p>To relieve pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is sexsomnia primarily characterized by?

    <p>Engaging in sexual activities while asleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What external factors may contribute to sexsomnia?

    <p>Stress and alcohol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disorder is characterized by sudden episodes of sleepiness during the day?

    <p>Narcolepsy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of nightmare disorder?

    <p>Failure of the brain to correctly control respiratory functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of psychoactive drug is known to increase activity in the central nervous system?

    <p>Stimulants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can opiates be classified among psychoactive substances?

    <p>They relieve pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disorder involves a person awakening from sleep in a terrified state?

    <p>Night Terrors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT a reason for taking psychoactive drugs?

    <p>Increased physical strength</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do dreams often reflect according to the problem-focused approach?

    <p>Ongoing conscious preoccupations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does dreaming relate to cognitive activity?

    <p>It modifies cognitive activity similar to waking thoughts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which part of the brain does the activation-synthesis theory suggest dreams originate?

    <p>Pons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What change in dreams is expected as cognitive abilities mature during childhood?

    <p>Dream narratives become more coherent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by a person being cut off from external stimulation while awake?

    <p>Their mental activity will resemble dreaming.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following age groups may not experience dreams in the same narrative form as adults?

    <p>Young children</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the problem-focused approach suggest about the interpretation of symbols in dreams?

    <p>They reveal the true meaning directly without disguise.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does dreaming about a heavy burden typically symbolize according to dream interpretation?

    <p>Feeling overwhelmed by responsibilities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Altered State of Consciousness

    • Consciousness is the awareness that makes you alive and aware of the world.
    • Consciousness is what makes you aware of things, thoughts, and feelings.
    • Consciousness refers to any human mental activity or simply being awake.
    • Stream of consciousness refers to the flow of thoughts, feelings, and sensations that go through our minds.
    • This term was coined by psychologist William James in 1890.
    • Writers started using this technique in novels during the 20th century.
    • It was used to show the full range of a character's thoughts, including irrational and subconscious ones.

    Levels of Awareness/Consciousness

    • Wakefulness is the state of being awake and alert.
    • Individuals are conscious of their surroundings and can interact with the external environment.
    • Normal consciousness is the everyday state of awareness.
    • Individuals are awake, alert, and aware of their thoughts, feelings, and perceptions.
    • Altered consciousness refers to deep relaxation, trance-like states, dream states, or hallucinations.
    • Subconscious includes mental processes and information below the level of conscious awareness.
    • These processes can influence thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
    • Unconscious includes mental processes that are not accessible to conscious awareness.

    Freud's Iceberg Theory

    • Thoughts, perceptions, memory stored knowledge, instincts, fears, and selfish motives make up the mind.
    • Conscious, preconscious, and unconscious levels are present.
    • The conscious level is the tip of the iceberg.
    • The preconscious level is just below the surface, and the unconscious lies much deeper.

    Internal/External Stimuli

    • Internal stimuli refer to sensations, thoughts, emotions, and bodily sensations arising from within the individual.
    • These are subjective experiences that contribute to the overall conscious experience.
    • External stimuli are sensory inputs from the environment and are perceived by the individual's senses.
    • External stimuli provide information about the world around us and influence our conscious experiences.

    Disorders of Consciousness

    • A disorder of consciousness is a state where consciousness has been affected by damage to the brain.
    • Consciousness requires both wakefulness and awareness.
    • Wakefulness is the ability to open your eyes and have basic reflexes, like coughing and swallowing.
    • Awareness is associated with more complex thought processes and is more difficult to assess.
    • The assessment of awareness often relies on detecting physical responses during an examination.
    • Coma, vegetative state, minimally conscious state, and locked-in syndrome are main disorders of consciousness.

    Coma

    • A coma is a state where a person shows no signs of being awake or aware.
    • A person in a coma lies with their eyes closed and doesn't respond to their environment.
    • A coma usually lasts for less than 2 to 4 weeks.

    Vegetative State

    • A person in a vegetative state may open their eyes.
    • They wake up and fall asleep at regular intervals.
    • They may have basic reflexes.

    Minimally Conscious State

    • A person who shows clear but minimal or inconsistent awareness is classified as being in a minimally conscious state.
    • A continuing vegetative state extends beyond 4 weeks.
    • A permanent vegetative state extends beyond 6 months (non-traumatic brain injury) or 12 months (traumatic brain injury).

    Locked-in Syndrome

    • Locked-in syndrome has similar features to disorders of consciousness, but is considered and treated differently.
    • A person with locked-in syndrome is conscious and aware but completely paralyzed and unable to speak.

    Altered States of Consciousness

    • A condition of awareness distinctly different in quality or pattern from waking consciousness.
    • Includes pathological, psychological, pharmacological, spontaneous, physical, and physiological altered states.

    Hypnosis

    • A procedure in which a practitioner suggests changes in the sensations, perceptions, thoughts, feelings, or behavior of the subject.
    • Being hypnotized can sometimes be compared to being absorbed in a good piece of music, etc.
    • Hypnotic responsiveness depends on the person, not just the skill of the hypnotist.
    • Voluntariness is essential in hypnosis; hypnotized individuals can't be forced to do things against their will.
    • Feats under hypnosis are achievable by motivated individuals without hypnosis.
    • Memory accuracy is not increased by hypnosis.
    • Literal reexperiencing of past events is not produced by hypnosis.
    • Hypnotic suggestions are used for medical and psychological purposes.

    Dissociation Theory of Hypnosis

    • Proposed by the late Ernest Hilgard.
    • The hypnotized individual is involved in disassociation, a split in consciousness.
    • One part of the mind operates independently, subject to hypnotic suggestion while another part watches but doesn't participate.

    Sociocognitive Theory of Hypnosis

    • Holds that the effectiveness of hypnosis results from interaction between the hypnotist's social influence.
    • The subject's abilities, expectations, and beliefs play a vital role also.
    • The hypnotized person plays a role, similar to roleplaying in ordinary life.

    Meditation

    • A mental exercise that produces relaxation.
    • It's a technique for training attention to achieve a calm state of concentration and positive emotions.
    • Two types of Meditation: Concentrative, focusing on a single thought or object, and Receptive, widening attention to observe thoughts, feelings, and sensations without judgment.

    Effects of Meditation

    • Physiological effects include lowering physical arousal, reducing respiration rate, decreasing heart rate, changing brain wave patterns, and lowering stress.
    • Psychological effects include enhancing self-awareness, increasing creativity, improving memory, enhancing attention span, and reducing anxiety.

    Hypnosis

    • Procedure wherein a practitioner suggests changes to a subject's sensations, perceptions, thoughts, feelings, or behavior.
    • In this state, a person's focus is shifted from their immediate environment to internal experiences like feelings, cognition, and imagery.

    Early History and Development of Hypnosis

    • Franz Anton Mesmer developed mesmerism in the late 18th century, believing in the balance of magnetic power in the body.
    • James Braid, a Scottish surgeon, coined the word "hypnosis" from the Greek word "hypnos" (meaning sleep).

    Nature of Hypnosis

    • Self-hypnosis involves the subject entering a hypnotic state without the help of a hypnotherapist.
    • Four stages of hypnosis include induction, deepener, suggestions, and emergence.

    Misconceptions on Hypnosis

    • Misconceptions include claims that hypnosis increases memory accuracy, allows recall of memories from previous lives, or enables extraordinary physical and mental feats.

    Effects of Hypnosis

    • Potential effects include improved athletic ability, pain relief, age regression, amnesia, and sensory changes

    Theories of Hypnosis

    • Dissociation Theory proposes that hypnosis involves a split in consciousness, with one part of the mind operating independently.
    • Sociocognitive Approach suggests that the effects of hypnosis stem from the interaction between the hypnotist's social influence and the subject's abilities, beliefs, and expectations.

    Consciousness-Altering Drugs

    • Psychoactive drugs alter the normal mental functioning occurring naturally or synthesized.

    Key Terms

    • Hallucinations: sensory experiences occurring without external stimuli.
    • Substance Addiction: a condition resulting from habitual use impacting physical and psychological aspects.

    Classifications

    • Stimulants: drugs activating the nervous system (e.g., caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, amphetamines, methamphetamines).

    • Causes: excitement, confidence, well-being/euphoria.

    • Large amounts: anxiousness, jittery, hyperalertness.

    • Lethal doses: convulsions, heart failure, death.

    • Depressants: decreasing or slowing down central nervous system activity.

    • Examples: alcohol, tranquilizers, sedatives, barbiturates.

    • Causes: drowsiness, reduced anxiety, guilt, tension, inhibitions.

    • Large Amounts: insensitivity to pain and sensation.

    • Lethal Doses: irregular heartbeats, convulsions, death.

    • Opiates: a class of psychoactive drugs derived from opium poppies.

    • Primarily Used: pain relief due to their analgesic properties.

    • Psychodelics: drugs that create distorted perceptions of reality.

    • Examples: LSD, mescaline, salvia divinorum, psilocybin.

    • Effects: altered perception; heightened sensory experiences, possible mystical or insightful experiences:

    Physiology of Drug Effects

    • Psychoactive drugs primarily act on brain neurotransmitters, influencing cognitive and emotional functions.

    Psychology of Drug Effects

    • The effects of psychoactive drugs are influenced beyond chemical properties.
    • Factors like individual experiences with the drug, environmental settings, and a person's mental state all play essential roles.

    Sleep

    • Most common altered consciousness (a periodic, natural, reversible and near complete loss of consciousness, sometimes characterized by reduced activity, lessened responsiveness to stimuli and distinctive brain wave patterns).
    • It's an innate biological rhythm consuming one-third of our lives.
    • Adults generally need 7-8 hours of sleep per night. Sleeping at 10 PM is ideal.

    Sleep Duration Recommendations

    • Varies considerably based on age.

    Circadian Rhythms

    • Biological rhythm with 24-hour cycles.
    • Coordinate mental and physical systems.
    • Exist in all organisms, influencing phenomena such as plant opening/closing, human moods, etc.

    Internal Desynchronization

    • A state of biological rhythm misalignment.
    • Occurs when a person shifts to new time zones, resulting in disruptions including reduced energy, mental impairment, and motor coordination.

    The Realms of Sleep

    • Nathaniel Kleitman's research led to the discovery of rapid eye movements (REM) and Brain wave patterns associated with various stages of sleep.
    • REM sleep alternates with non-REM sleep periods approximately every 90 minutes.

    Stages of Sleep

    • Stage 1: Self drifting - feeling to enter the edge of consciousness.
    • Stage 2: Minor noises won't disturb.
    • Stage 3: Breathing and Pulse slow down.
    • Stage 4: Deep Sleep.
    • REM: Increased eye movements, muscle tone loss, and dreaming.

    Why do we sleep?

    • To conserve energy.
    • To restore depleted resources.
    • To clear the mind.
    • To dream.

    Mental Benefits of Sleep

    • Sleep helps repair and restore the brain, not just the body.
    • Key benefits include good mental functioning, memory consolidation, improved memory, and enhanced memory abilities.

    Mental consequences of sleeplessness

    • Sleep deprivation occurs when an individual fails to get the necessary amount of sleep, impacting health and well-being.
    • It can worsen existing conditions. Chronic sleep deprivation can lead to increased risk of many health problems, resulting in a range of disruptive symptoms even interfering with daily routine tasks.

    Sleep Disorders

    • Hypersomnia, involving excessive sleepiness; Narcolepsy.
    • Parasomnia, including sleepwalking, sleeptalking, sleep sex.
    • Other sleep disorders such as sleep apnea, restless legs syndrome, sleep drunkenness, and insomnia.

    Dream World

    • Dreams are experiences that happen when people sleep and can reflect subconscious desires, motives, and conflicts.
    • Dreams can also show what people secretly want or wish for.
    • Dreams are a way for our brain to stay active and healthy while we sleep.

    Unconscious Wishes

    • Sigmund Freud's theory interprets dreams as a reflection of hidden desires, motives, and conflicts.
    • Dreams can symbolize different elements.
    • Unconscious wishes can be expressed through symbolic images and expressions.
    • Dreams contain both manifest (literal content) and latent (hidden meaning) content.

    Effort to deal with problems

    • Dreams reflect ongoing conscious preoccupations of waking life.
    • These preoccupations might relate to relationships, work, or other concerns which are often attempts to resolve current issues.

    Thinking

    • Dreaming is a modification of cognitive activity similar to that of waking life, utilizing memories, knowledge, metaphors, and assumptions about the world.
    • In dreams, the brain constructs reasonable simulations using internal representations.
    • Dreaming thoughts are usually unfocused and diffuse compared to waking thoughts.

    Brain Activity

    • The activation-synthesis theory posits that dreaming results from spontaneous firing of neurons in parts of the brain, particularly the lower brain stem (pons).
    • The cerebral cortex interprets these random signals, potentially producing incongruent or confusing dreams.

    Meditation

    • It is a method of training attention to reach a tranquil state of focus and positive emotions. Psychological and physiological effects are apparent with regular practice.

    Types of Meditation

    • Concentrative Meditation: focusing on a single thought or object.
    • Receptive Meditation: widening attention to passively observe thoughts, feelings, and sensations.

    Effects of Meditation

    • Physiological: lower physical arousal, reduced respiration rate, decreased heart rate, changes in brain patterns, and stress reduction.
    • Psychological: Enhanced self-awareness, increased creativity, improved memory, enhanced attention span, and anxiety reduction

    Hypnosis

    • A procedure involving practitioner suggestion influencing a person's sensations, perceptions, feelings, cognitions, or behaviors.
    • The subject's awareness is momentarily detached from the immediate surrounding environment in a state of calm attention.

    Early History and Development of Hypnosis

    • Franz Anton Mesmer used mesmerism (believing in the balance of magnetic power in the body).
    • James Braid coined the term hypnosis, reflecting its characteristics.

    Nature of Hypnosis

    • Entering a hypnotic state without external aid (self-hypnosis).
    • Stages include induction, deepener, suggestions, and emergence.

    Misconceptions on Hypnosis

    • Some common misconceptions are enhancing memory accuracy, recalling previous lives, and performing extraordinary feats.

    Effects of Hypnosis

    • Hypnosis has potential positive effects, including improved athletic ability, pain relief, age regressions, alterations to perception.

    Theories of Hypnosis

    • Dissociation Theory: Hypnosis potentially involves a split in consciousness, with one part of the mind operating independently.
    • Sociocognitive Approach: Hypnosis is influenced by the interaction between hypnotist social and subject beliefs/abilities/expectations.

    Psychoactive Drugs

    • Substances altering normal mental functioning.

    Key Terms (relevant to the provided text)

    • Hallucinations: sensory experiences occurring in the absence of external stimuli.
    • Addiction: condition from habitual substance use causing physical and psychological dependence.

    Classifications (relevant to the provided text)

    • Stimulants: Drugs stimulating the central nervous system.
    • Depressants: Drugs slowing central nervous system activity.
    • Opiates: Drugs derived from opium poppies, predominantly used for pain relief.
    • Psychodelics: Drugs potentially creating distorted perceptions of reality.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    Altered State of Consciousness PDF

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser