Altered State of Consciousness PDF

ALTERED STATE OF CONSCIOUSNESS Group 1  EXPLORING THE NATURE OF CONSCIOUSNESS “Consciousness is the awareness that makes you alive and aware of the world.” WHAT IS CONSCIOUSNESS? Consciousness is what makes you aware of things and have thoughts and feelings. It is wha...

ALTERED STATE OF CONSCIOUSNESS Group 1  EXPLORING THE NATURE OF CONSCIOUSNESS “Consciousness is the awareness that makes you alive and aware of the world.” WHAT IS CONSCIOUSNESS? Consciousness is what makes you aware of things and have thoughts and feelings. It is what makes you alive and aware of yourself and your surroundings. Consciousness can refer to any human mental activity or simply being awake.  STREAM OF – It refers to the flow of thoughts, CONSCIOUSNESS feelings, and sensations that go through our minds. This term was first coined by psychologist William James in 1890. – Writers started using this technique in novels during the 20th century, to show the full range of a character’s thoughts, including irrational and subconscious ones.  LEVELS OF AWARENESS/CONSCIOUSNESS 1. WAKEFULLNESS - The state of being awake and alert, where individuals are conscious of their surroundings and can interact with the external environment. LEVELS OF AWARENESS/CONSCIOUSNESS 2. NORMAL CONSCIOUSNESS - This is the everyday state of awareness in which individuals are awake, alert, and aware of their thoughts, feelings, and perceptions.  LEVELS OF AWARENESS/CONSCIOUSNESS 3. ALTERED STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS - Deep relaxation, trance-like states, dream states, or hallucinations.  LEVELS OF AWARENESS/CONSCIOUSNESS 4. SUBCONSCIOUS - Mental processes and information that are below the level of conscious awareness but can influence thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.  LEVELS OF AWARENESS/CONSCIOUSNESS 5. UNCONSCIOUS - Mental processes are not accesible to conscious awareness. https://images.app.goo.gl/B8UCyXcHE7yVc3zF6  INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL STIMULI INTERNAL STIMULI EXTERNAL STIMULI  INTERNAL STIMULI – refers to sensations, thoughts, emotions, and bodily sensations that arise from within an individual. – Are subjective experiences that occur within the individual’s mind and body and contribute to their overall conscious experience.  EXTERNAL STIMULI – Are sensory inputs that come from the environment and are perceived by the individual’s senses. – Provide information about the world around us and play a significant role in shaping our conscious experiences.  A disorder of consciousness, or impaired consciousness, A disorderisofaconsciousness, state where consciousness or impaired has consciousness, DISORDERS OF is a state where consciousness has been affected by been affected by damage to the brain. damage to the brain CONSCIOUSNESS 1. Consciousness requires both wakefulness and awareness. 2. Wakefulness is the ability to open your eyes and have basic reflexes such as coughing, and swallowing. 3. Awareness is associated with more complex thought processes and is more difficult to assess. Currently, the assessment of awareness relies on physical responses being detected during an examination. DISORDERS OF The Main Disorders of Consciousness CONSCIOUSNESS are: Coma Vegetative State Minimally Conscious State Locked-in Syndrome  - A coma is when a person shows no signs of being awake and no signs of being aware. COMA - A person in a coma lies with their eyes closed and doesn't respond to their environment, voices or pain. - A coma usually lasts for less than 2 to 4 weeks, during which time a person may wake up or progress into a vegetative state or minimally conscious state. COMA STRANGE LAMP THEORY  A person in a vegetative state may: VEGETATIVE STATE Open their eyes Wake up and fall asleep at regular intervals have basic reflexes (such as blinking when they’re startled by a loud noise or withdrawing their hand when it’s squeezed hard)  If a person is in a vegetative state for a long time, it may be considered to be: A CONTINUING vegetative state: when it's been longer VEGETATIVE than 4 weeks STATE A PERMANENT vegetative state: when it's been more than 6 months if caused by a non-traumatic brain injury, or more than 12 months if caused by a traumatic brain injury Minimally conscious state A person who shows clear but minimal or inconsistent awareness is classified as being in a minimally conscious state. LOCKED-IN Locked-in syndrome has similar features to SYNDROME disorders of consciousness, but is considered and treated differently. A person with locked-in syndrome is both conscious and aware, but completely paralyzed and unable to speak. (source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/disorders-of-consciousness/)  FIVE ALTERED STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS ALTERED STATE OF CONSCIOUSNESS Pathological Psychological - A condition of awareness Pharmacological distinctly different in quality Spontaneous or pattern from waking consciousness. Physical and Physiological  SHORT What are the changes you have ACTIVITY noticed in the PPT during the presentation? HYPNOSIS Typical Hypnotic Suggestions A procedure in which a practitioner Performance of an action suggests changes in the sensations, Inability to perform an act or; perceptions, thoughts, feelings, or Distortion of normal perception or behavior of the subject (Kirsch & memory Lynn, 1995). Being hypnotized can sometimes be compared to being absorbed in a good piece of music, etc.  Nature of Hypnosis HYPNOSIS 1. Hypnotic Responsiveness - Depends on the person being hypnotized, not just the skill of the hypnotist 2. Voluntariness - Hypnotized individuals can't be forced to do things against their will. 3. Feats under Hypnosis - Achievable by motivated individuals without hypnosis. 4. Memory Accuracy - Hypnosis doesn't increase memory accuracy. 5. Literal Reexperiencing - Hypnosis doesn't produce a literal reexperiencing of past events. 6. Effective Uses - Hypnotic suggestions used for medical and psychological purposes. DISSOCIATION The First Major Approach of Hypnosis THEORY OF Proposed by the late Ernest Hilgard HYPNOSIS The Hypnotised individual is involved in Disassociation, a split in consciousness in which one part of the mind operates independently. One part is subject to hypnotic suggestion while one part is watching but not participating. SOCIOCOGNITIVE The Second Major Approach of Hypnosis THEORY OF Holds that the effects of hypnosis result from HYPNOSIS an interaction between the social influence of the hypnotist ( the 'socio’ part ) And the abilities, beliefs, and expectations of the subject ( the 'cognitive'part ). And the abilities, beliefs, and expectations of the subject ( the 'cognitive' part ). The hypnotized person basically playing a role play, one that has analogies in ordinary life, where we willing to submit to the suggestions of the parents, teacher, doctor, therapists, and the television commercials. MEDITATION A mental exercise producing relaxation CONCENTRATIVE RECEPTIVE MEDITATION MEDITATION Concentrative Attention and meditation is a form sensitivity to of meditation bodily and external practice in which we sensations cultivate the ability to focus. MEDITATION  THE CORE OF RELAXATION MEDITATION RESPONSE An basic psychological The relaxation pattern called the response is how your relaxation response body calms itself works against the down and returns to body's fight-or-flight normal after a period responses. MEDITATION of stress EFFECTS OF MEDITATIONS Reduced stress Improved memory Promotes emotional health Enhances self-awareness https://www.rd.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/How-to-Meditate-Infographic-GettyImages-1360013861.jpg?fit=680%2C680 MINDFULNESS Is about being aware of the present moment without judgment. It helps us understand our thoughts and feelings better. Practices meditation and mindful breathing, help cultivate the state of awareness. WELL-BEING Means being physically, mentally, and emotionally healthy and satisfied with life. Involves experiencing positive emotions, having a sense of purpose and meaning in life, maintaining healthy relationships, and taking care of one’s physical health.  WHEN IT COMES TO THE WHOLE HUMAN, MINDFULNESS AND WELL-BEING ARE CLOSELY INTERTWINED: – Mindfulness practices, such as meditation, cultivating mindfulness, individuals become more attuned to their physical and mental states, leading to better self-care and the ability to respond skillfully to life's challenges. – Well-being, in turn, provides a fertile ground for mindfulness to flourish. When individuals have a strong foundation of well-being, they are more likely to engage in mindfulness practices and integrate mindfulness into their daily lives. – Well-being supports the development of resilience, positive emotions, and a sense of purpose, all of which are conducive to the cultivation of mindfulness. SLEEP SLEEP Most common altered consciousness; A periodic, natural, reversible and near total loss of consciousness. Characterized by reduced activity, lessened responsiveness to stimuli and distinctive brain-wave patterns. It is an innate biological rhythm. Consumes 1/3 of our lives How long should we sleep? Most people need 7 to 8 hours per night schedule. Study suggests that going to sleep at 10 p.m. is the optimal time SLEEP DURATION RECOMMENDATIONS  CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS A biological rhythm with a period (from peak to peak or trough to trough) of about 24 hours From the Latin word circa meaning“about”, and dies which means“a day”. Circadian rhythms exist in all types of organisms. For example, they help flowers open and close at the right time. In people, circadian rhythms coordinate mental and physical systems throughout the body.  CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS Internal Desynchronization - A state in which biological rhythms are not in phase with one another (ex. People who take air-plane flights across several time zones. Sleep and wake patterns usually adjust quickly, the resulting jet lag affects energy level, mental skills, and motor coordination). Moods and Long-Term Rhythms - in human beings long term cycles have been observed in everything, folklore holds that our moods follow similar rhythms to its seasonal changes and in women to menstrual changes.  CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS The rhythms of sleep - the most perplexing of all our biological rhythms is the one governing sleep and wakefulness. After all puts us at risk; Muscles that are usually ready to respond to danger relax and sense grow dull.  SLEEP PATTERNS The body's clock – controls Circadian Rhythm- located in a tiny teardrop-shaped cluster of cells in the hypothalamus called the SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEUS (SCN) SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEUS (SCN) - An area of the brain containing a biological clock that governs circadian rhythms. (regulates fluctuating levels of hormones and neurotransmitters, it turns to provide feedback that affects the function of SCN.) Melatonin- A hormone secreted by the pineal gland; it is involved in the regulation of circadian rhythms (treatments have been used to treat insomnia and synchronize disturbed sleep-wake cycles) SLEEP PATTERNS When The Clock is Out of Sync - under normal conditions, the rhythms governed by the SCN are synchronized. You can predict fairly well but when your normal routine changes, INTERNAL DESYNCHRONIZATION happens- meaning your circadian rhythms may be thrown out of phase with one another.  THE REALMS OF SLEEP Nathaniel Kleitman's research in the 1950s led to the discovery of rapid eye movements during sleep. The researchers used Electroencephalography (EEG) to measure brain electrical activity and correlate these movements with changes in sleepers' brain-wave patterns. REM sleep periods alternate with non-REM sleep periods, alternating every 90 minutes. REM periods last from a few minutes to an hour, averaging about 20 minutes in length.  THE REALMS OF SLEEP Non-REM periods are divided into shorter stages, each associated with a specific brain-wave pattern The brain emits bursts of alpha waves when you first sleep, which take about 30 to 45 minutes. Around 70 to 90 minutes after sleep onset, the brain emits long bursts of rapid, irregular waves, leading to increased heart rate, blood pressure, and irregular breathing.  THE REALMS OF SLEEP Stage 1: Feel self drifting on the edge of consciousness. Stage 2: Minor noises won’t disturb you. Stage 3: Breathing and pulse have slowed down. Stage 4: Deep sleep. REM: Increased eye movement, loss of muscle tone and dreaming.  WHY DO WE SLEEP? - Generally speaking sleep appears to provide a time out period, so that the body can eliminate waste products from muscles, repair cells, conserve or replenish energy stores, to strength the immune system and recover abilities lost during the day.  WHY DO WE SLEEP TIME OUT PERIOD MENTAL BENEFITS OF SLEEP Waste products from Memory Consolidation muscles Memories become durable, stable, Repair Cells and reliable. Conserve/Replenish energy Improvements for specific motor Strengthen immune system and perceptual skills Recover abilities One study (German researchers) suggests that it enhances Problem solving EXPLORING THE DREAM WORLD “Exploring the dream world is like embarking on an odyssey within the realm of our own imagination.”  WHAT IS A DREAM? Dreams are experiences that happen when we sleep. Dreams can also show us what we secretly want or wish for. They are like a way for our brain to stay active and healthy while we sleep.  LUCID DREAMS is when the dreamer is aware that they are dreaming while still in the dream state. is a state of consciousness where the dreamer possesses a level of self-awareness and can actively participate and manipulate the dream's events, characters, and environment.  DREAMSCAPES are the vivid and imaginative worlds we experience during dreams. also serve as a source of inspiration for artists, writers, and thinkers, influencing their work and expanding their creative horizons.  PROBLEM-FOCUSED APPROACH TO DREAMING Suggests that dreams are a reflection of our consciousness preoccupations and concerns in waking life. It emphasizes that the symbols and metaphors in dreams directly convey their true meaning, rather than disguising it. Dreams: Causes, types, meaning, what they are, and more (medicalnewstoday.com)  DREAM THEORIES UNCONSCIOUS WISH MANIFEST CONTENT LATENT (HIDDEN) FULFILLMENT CONTENT Sigmund Freud suggests that dreams are disguised symbols Dreams expressed in of repressed desires, drives or the manifest content Actual events that is found in the wishes. It is a“wish fulfillment" usually repressed of dream symbol. during the day and is likely to emerge during sleep.  WHY DID FREUD CALL DREAMS THE “ROYAL ROAD TO THE UNCONSCIOUS?” Because he believed that dreams provided a direct path to understanding the hidden desires and conflicts of the unconscious mind.  DREAM PROCESSES Mental filters that hide the true meanings of dreams  FOUR DREAM PROCESSES “ A CIGAR IS JUST A CIGAR“ - Sigmund Freud CONDENSATION DISPLACEMENT SYMBOLIZATION Combining several Directing emotions people, objects, toward safe or The non-literal or events into a unimportant ex single image dream images. DREAM THEORIES Activation-synthesis theory - proposed by John Allan Hobson around 1988-1990, this theory claims that dreams are by- products of a biological processes. According to Activation- synthesis theory, dreaming is a result from the cortical synthesis and interpretation of neurosignals triggered by activity in the lower part of the brain.  REVERSE LEARNING THEORY Developed and proposed by Francis Crick and Graeme Mitchison in 1983, this suggests that dreams flush away unnecessary information accumulated during the day. DREAMS FOR SURVIVAL THEORY Suggests that dreams involve reconsideration and reprocessing of critical information during the day.  REVERSE LEARNING THEORY Developed and proposed by Francis Crick and Graeme Mitchison in 1983, this suggests that dreams flush away unnecessary information accumulated during the day. DREAMS FOR SURVIVAL THEORY Suggests that dreams involve reconsideration and reprocessing of critical information during the day.  WHY DO WE DREAM? While there is no definitive answer, several theories and findings shed light on the potential functions and purposes of dreaming. People dream for different reasons, but some common ones are to process emotions and memories, to be creative and imagine new things, and to solve problems. Sleep Disorder  Insomia Disorder Caused by: Worry Stress Excitement Self defeating cycle  Insomnia Treatments Disorder analyzing sleep habits, lifestyle, stress levels and medical problems. consuming less caffeine, alcohol and tobacco having relaxation training to lower arousal before sleep. Have some stimulus control strategies Restrict your sleep  Sleepwalking Also known as somnambulism refers to a type of sleep disorder that involves walking while in a deep sleep. But despite the name, sleepwalking can actually refer to more than that. CAUSED BY use of sedative agents like alcohol and some medicines. Sleep Deprivation  Sleepwalking Sleepwalking usually occurs during the deeper states of non-REM sleep. These deeper states of non-REM sleep are more common in the first third of the night, and therefore sleepwalking is more common in the early part of the night. Sleeptalking Also known as somniloquy, is a sleep disorder characterized by unconscious or unintentional talk while asleep. Somniloquy usually occurs during Non-Rapid Eye Movement (NREM) or Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep. https://thumbs.dreamstime.com/b/sleep-talking-hand-drawn-picture-boy-lying-bed-his- illustrated-loose-style-vector-eps-available-39603066.jpg  Sleeptalking CAUSED BY: The reason behind sleep talking is still not clear; however, research shows that it is primarily associated with genetics. Sleep talking is predominantly seen in individuals with mental health issues or conditions such as post- traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and anxiety. https://thumbs.dreamstime.com/b/sleep-talking-hand-drawn-picture-boy-lying-bed-his- illustrated-loose-style-vector-eps-available-39603066.jpg  Sleep Sex Also known as sexsomnia, is a sleep disorder characterized by engaging in sexual activities during sleep.  Sleep Sex People engage in sexual behaviors such as masturbation, sexual movements, sexual aggression, or initiating sex with another person. Though their eyes may be open and they may make sexual noises, they are asleep during these activities and unaware of their behavior once they are awake. Sexsomnia Caused By: The causes of sexsomnia are not entirely clear but may be related to other sleep disorders and external factors like stress and alcohol.  Follow along Nightmare Disorder and have fun! is a pattern of repeated frightening and vivid dreams that affects your quality of life. It ranges from mild to severe and can be short-term or chronic. SLEEP APNEA NIGHT TERROR a disorder in which breathing a sleep disorder in periodically stops for a few which a person quickly moments, causing the person awakens from sleep in a to choke and gasp. terrified state. Nightmare Disorder Caused By: Blockage of aur passage Failure of the brain Control respiratory correctly High blood pressure Irregular heartbeat Failure of the brain Narcolepsy A sleep disorder involving sudden and unpredictable daytime attacks of sleepiness or actual sleep. - Narcolepsy is another serious disorder, this is unpredictable daytime attacks of sleepiness or actual sleep it is lasting from 5 to 30 mins when it lapses into sleep, Narcolepsy Seems to be caused by the degeneration of certain neurons in the hypothalamus. Drug-Altered Consciousness PSYCHOACTIVE DRUG Reasons for taking drugs Substance that alters Religious Ritual perception, mood, Recreation thinking, memory, or Medical purpusos behavior by changing Psycological Escape the body’s biochemistry  Patterns of Psychoactive Drug Use 1. Stimulants sped up activity in the central nervous system. 2. Depressants slow down activity in the central nervous system. 3. Opiates relieve pain. 4. Psychedelic drugs disrupt normal thoughts processes (Perception Of Time/Space). Drug Dependence - A chronic, progressive disease characterized by significant impairment that is directly associated with persistent and excessive use of a psychoactive substance.  Physical Dependence Dependency on substances starts with the brain and works its way through the body. Symptoms of physical dependence occur when the substance is no longer present or not enough is taken to give the same effect. Physical dependency requires higher levels of the drug to keep the symptoms from starting up. Still, the body can only tolerate so much toxicity before it feels overloaded and shuts down. Physical dependence is very real and risky. Without detox in a supervised environment, there are serious risks, including death. It all depends on how long a person has used a substance, how many they are using, and what they are detoxing from.  Physical Dependence Symptoms Increased heart rate and/or blood pressure Sweating and tremors Confusion Seizures Cramps Body aches and pains Hallucinations  Psychological Dependence - Is the change in an emotional state after using a substance or engaging in a behavior for a long period of time. Psychological dependency is defined as dependence on a substance. The term psychology is generally meant to refer to behavioral processes that relate to the emotions or the mind.  Psychological Dependence Symptoms 4 Pics 1 Word ________ C__v____ Cravings ____________ __ri______t_ Irritability __________ __p___s___ Depression ____ _____ __o_ ___g_ Mood swings _______ _n__e__ Anxiety Psychological Dependence Symptoms Cravings Irritability Depression Mood Swings Anxiety  - Speeds up activity in the Central Stimulants Nervous System. Cocaine Amphetamines Common Effects: Euphoria, Common Effects: Wakefulness, Excitation, Boost of Energy, Alertness, Raised Metabolism, and Suppressed Apetite and Elavated mood Results of Abuse: Excitability, Results of Abuse: Sleeplessness, Sweating, Nervousness, Headaches, Loss Paranoia, Anxiety, Panic, of appetite, High blood Depression, Heart damage, pressure delusions, Psychosis, Heart failure, and Injury to Heart damage, Convulsions, nose if sniffed. and Death.  - Speeds up activity in the Central Stimulants Nervous System. MDMA (Ecstacy) Caffeine Common Effects: Enhanced Common Effects: Wakefulness, sense of pleasure, Self- Alertness, and Shortened- confidence, and Increased reaction time. energy Results of Abuse: Results of Abuse: Nausea, Restlessness, Insomnia, Muscle Muscle cramping, Involuntary tension, Heartbeat, teeth clenching, Blurred Irregularities, and High blood vision, Chills, Hyperthermia, pressure. and Liver damage.  - Speeds up activity in the Central Stimulants Nervous System. Nicotine Common Effects: Relieve stress and pain and improve mood Results of Abuse: Dizziness, Increased blood pressure, Lung disease, and Stroke.  Depressants Are also known as “Downers” Are drugs that decrease/slow down activity in the Central Nervous System. Can come in the form of pills, syrups, and injectable liquids Class of Drug: Opioids (e.g., morphine) Type: Depressant Common Effects: Help control severe pain and can boost feelings of pleasure. Results of Abuse/Addictions: Higher doses can slow breathing and heart rate, which can lead to death.  Class of Drug: Gamma- hydroxybutyrate (GHB) Type: Depressant Common Effects: Drowsiness, Mood swings, Increased sex drive, and relaxation. Results of Abuse/Addictions: Vomiting, Irregular breathing, Memory problems, Extreme anxiety, Heart disease, Hallucinations, Blackouts, Seizures, Unconsciousness (can last for 3-4 hours), and Death.  Class of Drug: Gamma- hydroxybutyrate (GHB) Type: Depressant Common Effects: Drowsiness, Mood swings, Increased sex drive, and relaxation. Results of Abuse/Addictions: Vomiting, Irregular breathing, Memory problems, Extreme anxiety, Heart disease, Hallucinations, Blackouts, Seizures, Unconsciousness (can last for 3-4 hours), and Death. Hallucinogens - Type of drug that changes a person’s awareness of their surroundings. It works by disrupting communication between chemical networks throughout a person’s brain. For instance, some work by interfering with a chemical (neurotransmitter) called serotonin. Serotonin controls various Other hallucinogenic drugs functions in a person’s body, interfere with the including: neurotransmitter glutamate, which regulates: Sleep Hunger Emotions Mood Pain Perception Body Temperature Learning and Memory Sensory Responses to the Environment What is LSD? - LSD is lysergic acid diethylamide. Made from lysergic acid, this drug is one of the strongest mind-altering chemicals. A fungus that grows on rye and other grains contains this chemical. - LSD, or acid, looks like a clear or white material. People usually soak small squares of blotting paper in the LSD. Then, they swallow these acid tabs. LSD can also come as a tablet or capsule. EFFECTS OF LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE (LSD) - The effects of LSD make a person lose touch with reality. They may have mystical experiences, such as visions or blending of their senses. For instance, they may smell sounds or hear colors. The effects of LSD can last for nine to 12 hours. What is PCP? - PCP stands for phenyl cyclohexyl piperidine, but you may also see the term phencyclidine. Other names for PCP include angel dust and killer weed. It comes in a variety of forms, including liquids, powders, tablets and capsules. People usually swallow, sniff or inject the drug, but they can also smoke it. - PCP is a mind-altering drug that may lead to hallucinations (a profound distortion in a person’s perception of reality). It is considered a dissociative drug, leading to a distortion of sights, colors, sounds, self, and one's environment. EFFECTS OF PHENYLCYCLOHEXYL PIPERDINE (PCP) Euphoria Memory loss Lack of concentration Disorientation Changes in body awareness Hallucinations Loss of coordination  - Cannabis is the psychoactive dried What is flower buds, leaves, or preparations (such as hashish) or chemicals Cannabis? (such as THC) that are derived from the cannabis plant. What Cannabis Used For? - Cannabis is commonly used as a recreational drug. People also commonly use cannabis for multiple sclerosis (MS) and nerve pain. It is also used for nausea, vomiting, migraine, and many other conditions.  Effects of - there are two kinds effects of marijuana Cannabis or cannabis the short term and long term. Short-Term Effects Long-Term Effects Taking Marijuana it quickly passes marijuana use has been linked to from the lungs into the mental illness in some people, bloodstream. The blood carries the such as: temporary hallucinations chemical to the brain and other temporary paranoia worsening organs throughout the body. symptoms in patients with Marijuana over activates parts of schizophrenia the brain that contain the highest a severe mental disorder with number of these receptors. This symptoms such as hallucinations, causes the "high" that people feel. paranoia, and disorganized thinking. Consciousness: Body Rhythms and Mental State Biological Rhythms: The Tides of Experience Circadian Rhythms - Circadian Rhythm exists in plants, animals, insects, and human beings. They reflect the evolutionary adaptation of the organisms to the many changes with the rotation of the earth on its axis, such as changes in light, air pressure, and temperature.  Menstrual Cycle https://www.womenshealthnetwork.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/menstrual-cycle.jpg The Body’s Clock Circadian Rhythm is controlled by a biological clock or overall coordinator, located in a tiny teardrop-shaped cluster of cells in the Hypothalamus called the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN). Moods and Long Term Rhythms https://www.ifnacademy.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Picture1.jpg  The realms of sleep Until the early 1950s little was known about the physiology of sleep then a breakthrough occurred at the laboratory of psychologist Nathaniel Kleitman.  Why do we sleep? - It is due to our accumulated sleep hormones in the brain and in the spinal cord called melatonin. A. To conserve energy - Sleeping helps us 'recharge' and retain the valuable energy. B. To restore depleted resources - sleep argues that sleep allows the body to restore depleted resources and eliminate any accumulated waste (restorative theory). C. To clear the mind - Getting more sleep can help eliminate fuzzy thinking and restore clarity. D. To dream - you have your most vivid dreams during a phase called REM (rapid eye movement) sleep, when your brain is most active. Two types of sleep and their stages A. Rapid Eye Movement (REM) B. Non-Rapid Eye Movement (NREM) I. NREM Stage 1 II. NREM Stage 2 III. NREM Stage 3  Mental Benefits of Sleep - Sleeping helps to repair and restore our brains, not just our bodies. Good mental functioning Memory conolidation Improve memory Enhances memory Mental consequences of sleeplessness Sleep deprivation occurs when an individual fails to get the amount of sleep that they need. Sleep disorders and other chronic medical conditions can also cause sleep deprivation. It can cause very disruptive symptoms that interfere with even the most routine activities. Long-term sleep deprivation can worsen many major health conditions Mental consequences of sleeplessness - Sleep disorders A. Hypersomnia B. Parasomnia 1. Narcolepsy 1. Somnambulism 2. Somniloquy 3. Sleep Apnea 4. Periodic limb movement syndrome every 20 to 40 seconds Mental consequences of sleeplessness - Sleep disorders B. Parasomnia 5. Restless legs syndrome 6. Sleep Drunkenness 7. Insomnia Dream World Why do we dream? Unconscious Wishes Sigmund Freud - One of the first psychological theorist who take dreams seriously. Night time fantasies provide insight into desires, motives, and conflict of which we are unaware— "A royal road to the unconscious" We are able to express our unconscious wishes and desires. According to Freud every dream is meaningful, no matter how absurd it may seem. Unconscious Wishes Reality is distorted in such ways. In dreams, one person may be represented by another, or even by several characters. Similarly thoughts and objects are translated into symbolic images. A dream resembles a psychosis-losing According to Freud every dream is meaningful, no matter how absurd it may seem. Unconscious Wishes Reality is distorted in such ways. In dreams, one person may be represented by another, or even by several characters. Similarly thoughts and objects are translated into symbolic images. A dream resembles a psychosis-losing some contact with reality Unconscious Wishes Manifest content - The actual literal content and storyline of the dream. Latent content - Hidden meaning of the dream. Effort to deal with problems Dreams reflect the ongoing conscious preoccupations of walking life (like relationship, pork, health, etc.) usually to resolve current problems. In a problem-focused approach, the symbols and methapors do not disguise the true meaning (like in Freud) they convey it. Effort to deal with problems Ex. A married woman dreamt she was swimming in water with her child on her back. She has to swim a very far distance and begins to have trouble staying afloat, her child becomes heavier and heavier. Effort to deal with problems Ex. A married woman dreamt she was swimming in water with her child on her back. She has to swim a very far distance and begins to have trouble staying afloat, her child becomes heavier and heavier. Interpretation: she's drowning with responsibilities to her child & her husband needs to help Thinking Dreaming is simply a modification of the cognitive activity that goes on when we are awake. - In dreams, we construct reasonable simulations of the real world, drawing on the same kinds of memories, knowledge, metaphors, and assumptions about the world that we do when we are not sleeping (Antrobus, 1991, 2000; Domhoff, 2003; Foulkes, 1999). Thinking Parts of the cerebral cortex involved in perceptual and cognitive processing are highly activated during dreaming. - In the cognitive view, the brain is doing the same kind of work during dreams as it does when we are awake. The only input to the brain is its own output. Our dreaming thoughts, therefore, tend to be more unfocused and diffuse than our waking ones. Thinking - This view predicts that if a person could be totally cut off from all external stimulation while awake, mental activity would be much like that during dreaming, with the same hallucinatory quality. - The cognitive approach also predicts that as cognitive abilities and brain connections mature during childhood, dreams should change in nature and they do. Thinking - For example, Toddlers may not dream at all in the sense that adults do. And although young children may experience visual images during sleep, their cognitive limitations keep them from creating true narratives until age 7 or 8 (Foulkes, 1999). Brain Activity - A fourth approach to dreaming, the activation-synthesis theory, draws heavily on physiological research. - Dreams are result of neurons firing spontaneously in the lower part of the brain, in the pons, during REM sleep. - The cortex tries to make sense of the signals in the pons by synthesizing them with existing knowledge and memories to produce some sort of coherent interpretation. Brain Activity - Signals from the pons occur randomly therefore the cortex’s interpretation or the dream itself may be in coherent or confusing. - The cortical neuron which controls the initial storage of new memories is turned off during sleep which explains why we typically forget our dreams unless immediately written down or recalled to someone else. - The brain stem sets off responses in emotional and visual parts of the brain while shutting off regions that handle logical reasoning, and sensations.  Meditation Process of training your attention to achieve a mental state of calm concentration and positive emotions (American Psychological Association, 2019)  Types of Meditation Concentrative Meditation - Focusing on a single thought and concentrating on n external object or a specific sensation. Receptive Meditation - Widening attention and passively observing every thought, feeling, and sensations to develop a non-reactive attitude towards it. Effects of Meditation Physiological Psychological lowered state of physical Enhanced self-awareness arousal Increased creativity reduced respiration rate Improved memory decreased heart rate Enhanced attention span changes in brain wave Reduced anxiety patterns lowered stress  Hypnosis Procedure in which a practitioner suggests changes to the sensations, perceptions, thoughts, feelings, or behavior of the subject (Kirsch & Lynn, 1995) a waking state of awareness, (or consciousness), in which a person’s attention is detached from his or her immediate environment and is absorbed by inner experiences such as feelings, cognition and imagery. Early History and Development of Hypnosis Franz Anton Mesmer Developed mesmerism in the late 18th century Believes in the balance of magnetic power in our body, using animal magnetism’. James Braid Scottish surgeon who coined the word ‘hypnosis’ from the Greek word ‘hypnos’ which means sleep. Nature of Hypnosis Self Hypnosis - Entering a hypnotic state without the help of a hypnotherapist Four Main Stage of Hypnosis 1. Induction 2. Deepener 3. Suggestions 4. Emergence Misconceptions on Hypnosis Increases the accuracy of memory Can be used to recall memoreis as far back as their birth Can be used to recall memories from previous lives Can make people perform extraordinary physical and mental feats Effects of Hypnosis Athletic ability Relief of physical ailments and pain Age regression Amnesia Sensory changes Theories of Hypnosis Dissociation Theory Proposed by Ernest Hilgard Argues that hypnosis involves dissociation Dissociation A split in consciousness in which one part of mind operates independently of the rest of the consciousness Theories of Hypnosis Sociocognitive approach Effects of hypnosis can result from the interaction between the social influence of the hypnotist and the abilities, beliefs, and expectations of the subject  Consciousness-Altering Drugs Psychoactive Drugs A drug that alters the normal mental functioning that occurs naturally or synthesized.  Key Terms Hallucinations convincing sensory experiences that occur in the absence of an external stimulus addiction a conditon that results from the habitual use or physical and psychological dependence on a substance  Classifications Stimulants Drugs that activates the nervous system example: caffeine, nicotine, coke, amphetamines, methamphetamines Causes: excitement, confidence, well-being or euphoria Large amounts: anxiousness, jittery, hyperalertness Lethal doses: convulsions, heart failure, death  Classifications Depressants substances that decreases or slow down the central nervous system activity example: alcohol, tranquilizers, sedative, barbiturates causes: drowsyness, reduce anxiety, guilt, tension,inhibitions large amounts: insensitivity to pain and sensation lethal doses: irregular heartbeats, convulsions, death  Classifications Opiates Opiates are a class of psychoactive drugs derived from opium poppies, including substances like morphine and heroin. They are primarily used for pain relief due to their analgesic properties but pose a high risk  Classifications Psychodelics substances that create distorted perceptions of reality ranging from mild to extreme example: LSD lysergic acid diethylamide, mescaline, salvia divinorum, psilocybin. Effects: Mild pleasant or unpleasant "trip.", altered perception and heightened sensory experiences, possible mystical or insightful experiences. Effects in large amounts: Increased risk of psychosis, paranoia, and panic reactions, intensified hallucinations potential for prolonged psychological effects.  Physiology of Drug Effects - Psychoactive drugs primarily act on brain neurotransmitters, influencing cognitive and emotional functions. The example of cocaine illustrates how these substances can increase neurotransmitter levels, affecting mood and behavior.  Psychology of Drug Effects The effects of psychoactive drugs go beyond their chemical properties and are greatly influenced by various factors: 1. Individual factors 2. Experience with the drug 3. Environmental setting 4. Mental set Thank you!