Psychology 2e Chapter 1 Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

What is the definition of Psychology?

  • The scientific study of the mind and behavior (correct)
  • Information obtained through the senses
  • A systematic approach used in scientific study
  • A proposed explanation for an observation

What is the Scientific Method?

A systematic approach used in scientific study

What is Observation in psychology?

Information obtained through the senses

What is a Hypothesis?

<p>A proposed explanation for an observation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an Experiment in psychology?

<p>A means to verify a hypothesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a Theory?

<p>An explanation of a natural phenomenon that stems from a extensively tested and verified hypothesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a Scientific Law?

<p>A concise statement that seeks to explain a wide range of natural phenomena</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Empirical mean?

<p>Based on observation or experimentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Empirical Method?

<p>A method in which knowledge is acquired from observation and experiments, rather than arguments or previous authorities</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is Wilhelm Wundt?

<p>The founder of psychology as a scientific study.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Wundt's goal of psychology?

<p>To identify the components of consciousness and how those components result in the conscious experience</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Introspection?

<p>A method of self-observation in which the subject examines their conscious experience as objectively as possible</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Voluntarism?

<p>A philosophical belief that humans possess free will and should know if they are participating in an experiment</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Structuralism?

<p>A school of psychology that aimed to identify the contents of mental processes rather than the processes' function</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is William James?

<p>The first American psychologist who introduced Darwinian concepts to the study of psychology</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was James' goal of psychology?

<p>To examine the mind in its whole, rather than focusing on individual components</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Functionalism?

<p>A school of psychology focused on how certain mental activities help an organism fit into its environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is Sigmund Freud?

<p>An Austrian neurologist who founded the school of psychoanalysis within the study of psychology</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Freud's goal of psychology?

<p>To examine the role of the unconscious mind and early childhood experiences in the human mind</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who are Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, and Wolfgang Kohler?

<p>Three German psychologists who immigrated to the United States bringing with them the Gestalt principles of psychology</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Gestalt goal of psychology?

<p>To examine how the components of the human mind relate to the whole and how the components result in a objectively unique whole</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Gestalt Psychology?

<p>A school of psychology concerned with the sensory experience and how they innately relate back to the whole mind</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is Ivan Pavlov?

<p>A Russian physiologist famous for his research into conditioned and learned behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is John B. Watson?

<p>An American psychologist whose work centered on understanding observable behavior and controlling said behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is B.F. Skinner?

<p>An American psychologist who focused on the nature of consequences, particularly reinforcement and punishment, on behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the goals of Behaviorism?

<p>To study observable behavior, in particular learning behavior and inborn qualities</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Behaviorism?

<p>A school of psychology that shifted the focus from the subjective unconscious to the objective and observable behavior of organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is Abraham Maslow?

<p>An American psychologist famous for developing a hierarchy of human needs in terms of motivating behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is Carl Rogers?

<p>An American psychologist who emphasized the role of the patient over the clinician in the context of psychological therapies</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the goals of Humanism?

<p>To forgo the previously deterministic nature of psychology in favor of a more empathetic approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Humanism?

<p>A school of psychology focused on the potential of innate good in humans and personal autonomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is Noam Chomsky?

<p>American linguist who influenced the growth of cognitive science and psychology</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Biopsychology?

<p>Psychology specialty that studies the interaction of biology, behavior, and mental processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Evolutionary Psychology?

<p>Psychology specialty that studies the ultimate biological causes behind behavior and mental processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Sensation and Perception focus on?

<p>Psychology specialty focused on perception and sensation of external stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Cognitive Psychology?

<p>Psychology specialty focused on studying cognitions and their relationship to an individual's actions and experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Developmental Psychology?

<p>Psychology specialty focused on psychological development over a human lifespan</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Personality Psychology?

<p>Psychology specialty focused on the development of patterns of thoughts and how they might influence behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Social Psychology?

<p>Psychology specialty focused on how individuals interact with and relate to others</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is I/O Psychology?

<p>Psychology specialty focused on the application of psychological principles and theories to industrial settings</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Health Psychology?

<p>Psychology specialty focused on how physical health can be impacted by psychological and social factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the American Psychological Association (APA)?

<p>An organization that represents psychologists in the United States. It was founded in 1892.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is psychology?

Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and behavior, exploring how people think, feel, and act.

What is the scientific method?

The scientific method is a systematic approach used in psychology to collect and analyze data, involving observation, hypothesis testing, experimentation, and theory development.

What is observation in psychology?

Information gathered through the senses, forming the foundation for empirical research.

What is a hypothesis?

A proposed explanation for a specific observation that can be tested through experimentation.

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What is an experiment?

A controlled method used to verify or falsify a hypothesis, often involving manipulating variables and measuring outcomes.

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What is a scientific theory?

A well-substantiated explanation derived from extensive testing and validation of hypotheses, providing a comprehensive framework for understanding.

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What is a scientific law?

A concise statement describing a broad range of natural phenomena, often expressed mathematically, based on empirical evidence.

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What does empirical mean?

Relating to knowledge acquired through observation and experimentation, emphasizing empirical data over prior assumptions.

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What is the empirical method?

Knowledge acquisition based on experimentation and observation rather than relying on pre-existing authority or tradition.

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Who is Wilhelm Wundt?

German psychologist considered the founder of psychology as a scientific discipline, introducing the concept of structuralism.

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Who is William James?

American psychologist who emphasized focusing on the whole mind rather than isolated components, introducing functionalism.

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Who is Sigmund Freud?

Austrian neurologist who founded psychoanalysis, emphasizing the unconscious mind and early childhood experiences in shaping personality.

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Who are Wertheimer, Koffka, and Kohler?

German psychologists who advanced Gestalt principles, emphasizing how parts contribute to a cohesive whole in perception.

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What is structuralism in psychology?

Aims to identify the basic components of mental processes, focusing on the structure of the mind.

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What is functionalism in psychology?

Studies how mental processes help individuals adapt to their environment, focusing on the function of the mind.

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What is Gestalt psychology?

Emphasizes understanding how individual components of experiences combine to form a cohesive perception, focusing on how the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.

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What is behaviorism in psychology?

Focuses on observable behaviors and the effects of consequences on learning, emphasizing environmental influences.

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What is humanism in psychology?

Focuses on individual potential and emphasizes a positive view of human nature, emphasizing free will and self-actualization.

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What is biopsychology?

Examines the interplay of biological processes, behavior, and mental functions, focusing on the brain and nervous system.

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What is evolutionary psychology?

Investigates the biological underpinnings of behavior and mental processes, understanding how evolution has shaped our minds.

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What is cognitive psychology?

Studies mental processes like perception, memory, and problem-solving, focusing on how we think.

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What is developmental psychology?

Observes psychological growth across the lifespan, examining changes in behavior, thinking, and emotions throughout life.

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What is personality psychology?

Analyzes the development of individual thoughts and behaviors, examining personality traits and patterns.

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What is social psychology?

Explores interactions and relationships among individuals, examining how social factors influence behavior.

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What is industrial/organizational psychology (I/O)?

Applies psychological theories to workplace issues, addressing organizational behavior, employee motivation, and job satisfaction.

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What is health psychology?

Examines how psychological factors affect physical health, exploring the relationship between mind and body.

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What is the American Psychological Association (APA)?

Founded in 1892, the APA represents psychologists in the United States, promoting research and practice in the field.

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Study Notes

Introduction to Psychology

  • Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and behavior.
  • The field utilizes the scientific method, a systematic approach for investigation and research.

Key Terms and Concepts

  • Observation: Information acquired through the senses, forming the basis for empirical research.
  • Hypothesis: A proposed explanation for a specific observation, testable through experiments.
  • Experiment: A method used to verify or falsify a hypothesis.
  • Theory: A well-substantiated explanation arising from extensive testing and validation of hypotheses.
  • Scientific Law: A concise statement explaining a broad range of natural phenomena, often expressed mathematically.
  • Empirical: Relating to knowledge derived from observation and experimentation.
  • Empirical Method: Knowledge acquisition based on experiments and observations rather than prior authority.

Historical Figures in Psychology

  • Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920): Considered the founder of psychology as a scientific discipline and introduced structuralism.
  • William James (1842-1910): First American psychologist who focused on the whole mind rather than isolated components, introducing functionalism.
  • Sigmund Freud (1856-1939): Founded psychoanalysis, emphasizing the unconscious mind and early childhood experiences.
  • Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, Wolfgang Kohler: German psychologists who advanced Gestalt principles, focusing on how parts relate to the whole.

Psychological Schools of Thought

  • Structuralism: Aims to identify the components of mental processes rather than their functions.
  • Functionalism: Studies how mental processes help individuals adapt to their environments.
  • Gestalt Psychology: Emphasizes understanding how components of experiences relate to form a cohesive perception.
  • Behaviorism: Concentrates on observable behaviors and the effects of consequences on learning; key figures include Ivan Pavlov, John B. Watson, and B.F. Skinner.
  • Humanism: Focuses on individual potential and empathizes a positive view of human nature; major contributors include Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.

Psychological Specialties

  • Biopsychology: Examines the interplay of biological processes, behavior, and mental functions.
  • Evolutionary Psychology: Investigates biological underpinnings of behavior and mental processes.
  • Cognitive Psychology: Studies mental processes like perception, memory, and problem-solving.
  • Developmental Psychology: Observes psychological growth across the lifespan.
  • Personality Psychology: Analyzes the development of individual thoughts and behaviors.
  • Social Psychology: Explores interactions and relationships among individuals.
  • Industrial/Organizational Psychology (I/O): Applies psychological theories to workplace issues.
  • Health Psychology: Examines how psychological factors affect physical health.

Professional Organizations

  • American Psychological Association (APA): Founded in 1892, represents psychologists in the U.S., promoting research and practice in psychology.

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Explore the fundamental concepts of psychology with these flashcards from Chapter 1 of Psychology 2e. This set covers key terms like psychology, scientific method, observation, and hypothesis. Perfect for reviewing important definitions and enhancing your understanding of the subject.

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