Questions and Answers
What is the primary focus of applied research?
What does hindsight bias refer to?
What is a scientific attitude?
An approach to the world characterized by curiosity and skepticism.
What is critical thinking?
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What does validity refer to in research?
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What does reliability mean in the context of scientific research?
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What is the scientific method?
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Define the term 'theory' in psychological research.
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What is a hypothesis?
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What is the null hypothesis?
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What are operational definitions?
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What is replication in research?
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Define a case study.
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What is a survey in psychological research?
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What is the false consensus effect?
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What does naturalistic observation involve?
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What is a field experiment?
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Who are subjects in an experiment?
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What is a sample in research?
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What does 'population' refer to in research?
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What is random sampling?
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What is stratified sampling?
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What is a correlation coefficient?
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What characterizes a positive correlation?
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What characterizes a negative correlation?
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What are scatterplots?
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What is a line of best fit in a scatterplot?
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What is an illusory correlation?
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What is a laboratory experiment?
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What is experimenter bias?
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Define independent variable.
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What is a dependent variable?
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Define confounding variable.
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What does assignment and random assignment refer to?
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What is group matching?
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What is the experimental condition?
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What is the control condition?
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What is the Hawthorne effect?
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What does 'blind' or subject bias refer to?
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What is a placebo?
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What is the placebo effect?
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What is a double-blind procedure?
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What is counterbalancing?
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What is a longitudinal study?
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What is a cross-sectional study?
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What are measures of central tendency?
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What is mode in statistics?
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What does bimodal refer to?
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What is the mean?
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What is median?
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What are extreme scores?
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What are measures of variation?
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What is range in statistics?
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What is standard deviation?
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What is a z score?
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What is normal distribution?
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What does positively skewed mean?
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What does negatively skewed mean?
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What is variance?
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What is statistical significance?
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What is a p-value?
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What does IRB stand for?
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What is a Type I error?
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What is a Type II error?
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What are the APA ethical guidelines for animal research?
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What are the APA ethical guidelines for human research?
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Study Notes
Research Types
- Applied vs. Basic Research: Applied research addresses practical problems; basic research seeks to expand psychology's knowledge base.
Cognitive Biases
- Hindsight Bias: The inclination to feel one could have predicted an outcome after it occurs, also known as the "I-knew-it-all-along" phenomenon.
Scientific Foundations
- Scientific Attitude: Involves a curious skepticism and humility to question one's own ideas.
- Critical Thinking: Involves examining assumptions, evaluating evidence, and discerning conclusions.
Research Validity and Reliability
- Validity: The accuracy of measurements in an experiment.
- Reliability: The consistency of results across different experiments.
Scientific Methodology
- Scientific Method: A process involving observation, theory formation, and theory refinement.
- Theory: A framework that explains phenomena and predicts behaviors/events.
- Hypothesis: Testable predictions derived from theories focusing on the relationship between variables.
Experimental Foundations
- Operational Definitions: Detailed descriptions of variables that enable replication.
- Replication: Repeating experiments to validate findings.
Research Methods
- Case Study: An in-depth examination of an individual or group to uncover universal principles, though results may be biased by atypical subjects.
- Survey: A method to gather information from many subjects, susceptible to biases like lying and generalization.
- Naturalistic Observation: Observing behavior in natural settings without interference, may lack objectivity.
- Field Experiment: Conducted in real-world environments, provides realistic results but can be influenced by external factors.
Sampling Techniques
- Sample: A representative segment of the population aims to minimize bias.
- Random Sampling: Each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected, reducing bias.
- Stratified Sampling: Sample represents the population based on specific criteria, enhancing control.
Correlation
- Correlation Coefficient: A statistical index that measures the relationship between two variables, not confirming causation.
- Positive Correlation: Both variables increase together.
- Negative Correlation: One variable increases while the other decreases.
- Illusory Correlation: The perception of a nonexistent relationship, often occurring with dramatic events.
Experimental Variables
- Independent Variable: The manipulated variable that varies independently.
- Dependent Variable: The measured outcome that depends on the independent variable.
- Confounding Variable: An irrelevant variable that may influence results.
Experimental Design Considerations
- Random Assignment: Randomly allocating subjects into different groups to reduce bias.
- Control and Experimental Conditions: Control groups experience unchanged conditions while experimental groups face manipulations.
Bias and Control Measures
- Hawthorne Effect: Changes in behavior when subjects know they are being observed.
- Blind Procedures: In blind studies, subjects are unaware of their participation status to minimize bias.
- Placebo Effect: The phenomenon where subjects experience improvements due to believing they received treatment.
Statistical Measures
- Measures of Central Tendency: Techniques for summarizing data, including mean, median, and mode.
- Measures of Variation: Indicate data spread, including range and standard deviation.
Distribution Types
- Normal Distribution: Bell-shaped curve indicating a symmetrical distribution.
- Skewed Distributions: Positively skewed (more low scores) and negatively skewed (more high scores).
Error Types in Research
- Type I Error: Incorrectly rejecting the null hypothesis.
- Type II Error: Failing to reject a false null hypothesis.
Ethical Guidelines
- APA Guidelines for Animal Research: Specify humane care, legal acquisition, and minimal suffering.
- APA Guidelines for Human Research: Require informed consent, confidentiality, and debriefing after participation.
Statistical Significance
- P-value: A threshold value; results are considered valid if under .05.
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Description
Test your knowledge with these flashcards for AP Psychology Unit 1B. Covering key terms such as applied vs. basic research, hindsight bias, and the scientific attitude, this quiz will help reinforce your understanding of foundational concepts in psychology. Perfect for exam preparation and review.