Questions and Answers
A(n) ________ is a well-developed set of ideas that proposes an explanation for observed phenomena.
theory
Psychological knowledge is advanced through a process known as ________, which involves a prescribed series of steps designed to achieve the desired knowledge.
the scientific method
The scientific process is ________, involving both inductive and deductive reasoning.
circular
_______ is an anthropologist who contributed to our understanding of chimpanzee behavior in the wild, using naturalistic observation.
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________ is/are often conducted with large numbers of participants and can even be conducted by phone, email, or mail.
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A negative correlation means ________.
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A(n) ________ variable is a factor that affects both variables of interest in research and may falsely give the impression of a cause-and-effect relationship.
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The belief that strange behavior is linked to the occurrence of a full moon is an example of a(n) ________.
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Which of the following research designs will allow cause-and-effect conclusions?
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A(n) ________ is a description of how the researchers will measure the variables of interest.
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In order to maximize the chances that experimental groups represent the population of interest, researchers should conduct ________ and ________.
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In a ________ study, both the researchers and the participants are unaware of the group assignments.
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A(n) ________ is conducted in order to determine whether there are meaningful differences between two groups in a study.
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The ability of a research study or psychological instrument to consistently produce a given result is called ________.
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What is Empiricism?
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People or animals whose behavior is systematically observed are called ________.
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Opposing partisans in political debates overestimate the dissimilarity in their views is an example of ________.
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In-depth studies of individuals are referred to as ________.
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Unconsciously skewing observations to fit goals or expectations is known as ________.
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A collection of subjects used in an empirical study is called a ________.
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A larger collection to which the sample supposedly represents is known as a ________.
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Gaining access to existing records and using them to answer various research questions is called ________.
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________ is a method where data-gathering is administered repeatedly over an extended period of time to the same group of participants.
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________ is a research method that compares multiple segments of a population at once.
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The relationship between two or more variables is referred to as ________.
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A variable that actually causes change in other variables but is unknown is termed as a ________.
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A numerical index of the degree of relationship between two variables is known as a ________.
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Can a correlation be a statistic?
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The perception of a relationship where none exists is an example of ________.
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A positive correlation means that two variables co-vary in the same direction; when one goes up, the other goes up.
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A negative correlation means two variables that co-vary in different directions; one goes up while the other goes down.
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The further away from 0, the ____ the bond.
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Gaining access to existing records to answer various research questions describes ________.
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A longitudinal study is one that studies one person over the course of their life.
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A cross-section study is one that studies multiple people at different stages of life.
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Seeing things how you want to see them to fit into your expectations is an example of ________.
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Observing an environment without disturbing it can be referred to as ________.
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How X affects Y can be described as the subject of an ________.
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An ________ is a condition or event that an experimenter varies in order to see its impact on another variable.
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Subjects that receive treatment or are exposed to the independent variable are referred to as the ________.
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Subjects who do not receive treatment or are not exposed to the independent variable are known as the ________.
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Subjects in groups should be ____ as much as possible.
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The consistency of measurement in research is known as ________.
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The instrument/tool accurately measures what it is intended to measure is referred to as ________.
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Any variable with influence on the dependent variable other than the independent variable is considered an ________.
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A subset of a larger population in which every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected is called a ________.
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When subjects have an equal chance of being assigned to any group or condition in the study, it's called ________.
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When a sample is not representative of the population from which it draws, it's known as ________.
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The tendency to give socially approved answers to questions about oneself is called ________.
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Responding in a way unrelated to the content is known as ________.
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The overall evaluation of a person, object, or institution influences more specific ratings is known as the ________.
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A researcher's expectations or preferences about the outcome of a study influence the results obtained is called ________.
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The use of mathematics to organize, summarize, and interpret numerical data is known as ________.
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The repetition of a study to see whether the earlier results may be duplicated is called ________.
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Study Notes
Research Concepts and Methods
- A theory is a well-developed set of ideas explaining observed phenomena.
- Psychological knowledge advances through the scientific method, a prescribed series of steps to achieve desired knowledge.
- The scientific process is circular, utilizing both inductive and deductive reasoning.
- Jane Goodall is known for her contributions to understanding chimpanzee behavior through naturalistic observation.
Research Design and Variables
- Surveys are often administered to large participant groups and can be conducted via phone, email, or mail.
- A negative correlation indicates that as one variable decreases, the other increases.
- A confounding variable affects both variables of interest, potentially misleading interpretations of cause and effect.
Correlations and Biases
- The belief linking strange behavior to the full moon is an example of an illusory correlation.
- Experimental research designs allow conclusions about cause-and-effect relationships.
- An operational definition specifies how researchers will measure variables of interest.
Sampling and Assignment
- To ensure representative experimental groups, researchers should employ random sampling and random group assignment.
- A double-blind study keeps both researchers and participants unaware of group assignments, minimizing biases.
- Statistical analysis assesses whether there are significant differences between study groups.
Reliability and Empiricism
- Reliability refers to the consistent results of a research study or psychological instrument.
- Empiricism emphasizes knowledge based on observation instead of logical argument or past authorities.
Participants and Research Types
- Participants can be people or animals observed systematically.
- Case studies provide in-depth studies of individuals.
- Observer bias occurs when observations are unconsciously skewed to fit goals or expectations.
Sampling Techniques
- A sample represents a collection of subjects in an empirical study.
- Population is the larger group from which a sample is drawn.
- Archival research involves using existing records to address research questions.
Longitudinal and Cross-Sectional Research
- Longitudinal research collects data repeatedly over an extended period with the same participants.
- Cross-sectional research compares multiple population segments at one time.
Relationships Between Variables
- Correlation describes the relationship between two or more variables.
- A correlation coefficient is a numerical index measuring the degree of relationship between variables.
- Correlations can be positive (variables co-vary in the same direction) or negative (variables co-vary in opposite directions).
Study Integrity and Biases
- Extraneous variables influence the dependent variable beyond the independent variable.
- A random sample ensures every member of a population has an equal chance of selection.
- Random assignment gives each subject an equal chance of being assigned to any study group.
- Sampling bias arises when a sample does not accurately represent the population.
Biases Affecting Responses
- Social desirability bias leads individuals to provide socially approved answers about themselves.
- Response set refers to answering in ways unrelated to actual content.
- The halo effect occurs when an overall evaluation influences specific ratings.
- Experimenter bias can affect study results based on the researcher’s expectations or preferences.
Statistics and Research Methodology
- Statistics involve using mathematics to organize, summarize, and interpret numerical data.
- Replication is repeating a study to verify earlier results.
Studying That Suits You
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Description
Test your understanding of key concepts from Psychology Chapter 2 with these flashcards. Each card presents important terms and their definitions, helping you grasp the foundational ideas essential for psychological study. Use these flashcards to reinforce your knowledge and prepare for exams.
