Questions and Answers
Which aspect of the scientific method occurs first?
Hypothesis
For scientific explanation to be testable it must also be _______.
Perceivable and measurable
Guillermo is engaged in ______.
Introspection
Functionalist psychologists focus on the function of behavior and ____.
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Dr. Bogdarian applies the principles of ______.
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A psychologist studying the phenomenon where a series of dots arranged in the shape of the face will be perceived as a face is applying the principles of ______.
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I am applying the principles of ______ in an attempt to modify Ralph's behavior.
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In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the _____ include food, water, and shelter.
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What is the long research paper that Marta must write called?
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Penelope studies how the structure and function of the nervous system relate to behavior. She is a ______.
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Lucy should specialize in ______ psychology.
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What does the situation where an adult knows a toy still exists when hidden demonstrate?
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Cognitive psychology focuses on studying _______.
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In the study of personality, the ______ model includes dimensions of conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, and extroversion.
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Edmund wants to conduct research in the area of _____.
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Susan should conduct research in the area of _____ psychology.
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Select the correctly ordered list of psychological theorists, with the earliest theorist listed first.
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Behaviorism focuses on making psychology an objective science by ______.
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Select the correctly ordered list of psychological perspectives, with the earliest perspective listed first.
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Trephination is the _____
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What is a limitation that affects the generalizability of results?
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These studies would best be described as _____.
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What type of research design do they use?
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This is an example of a(n) ________ design.
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This is called _____.
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The possible range for a correlation coefficient is ____.
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This research alone demonstrates that ____.
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A _____ is a variable that affects both variables of interest and may falsely give the impression of a cause-and-effect relationship.
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This is an example of _____.
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A basic experiment involves a minimum of ______ participant groups.
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The ______ group does not get the experimental treatment.
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Therefore, they choose to conduct a _____ study.
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Simply expecting something to happen can make it happen; this describes.
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The _____ is controlled by the experimenter.
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In this example, negative emotions are the ______.
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A sample that ______ is most likely to yield generalizable results.
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Peer reviewers ____.
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Research describing the link between childhood vaccines and autism has been ______.
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________ refers to the ability to consistently produce a given result.
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________ refers to the ability of an instrument to accurately measure what it is supposed to measure.
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Many studies that cannot ethically be conducted as experiments with typical human participants ______.
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________ are the most commonly used species for animal research.
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Scientific knowledge is advanced through a process called ______.
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Psychological researchers study genetics in order to better understand the ________ that contributes to certain behaviors.
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The difference in _____ can explain why one person dies from the disease and another person survives.
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Eggs and sperm each contain 23 ______ which are composed of long strands of _______.
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The _____ of neurons contain _____ that house neurotransmitters, the chemical messengers of the nervous system.
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Study Notes
Scientific Method and Psychological Concepts
- The first step in the scientific method is to formulate a hypothesis.
- A testable scientific explanation must be perceivable and measurable.
- Introspection involves examining one's own conscious experience in detail.
- Functionalist psychologists prioritize the whole mind's operation over individual parts.
Psychoanalytic Theory and Psychological Phenomena
- The principles of psychoanalytic theory explain unconscious associations, such as a student mistakenly calling a teacher "mother".
- In Gestalt psychology, patterns like dots arranged as a face are perceived as the whole rather than individual elements.
- Operant conditioning modifies behavior through rewards (e.g., candy bar) and punishments (e.g., squirt gun).
Needs, Research, and Specializations in Psychology
- Maslow's hierarchy delineates basic survival needs like food, water, and shelter.
- A long research paper written as part of a graduate degree is called a dissertation.
- A biopsychologist studies the relationship between the nervous system's structure and function with behavior.
- Those interested in developmental psychology examine changes in cognitive skills and behavior throughout life.
Key Concepts in Psychological Research
- Object permanence is the understanding that objects continue to exist even when not visible.
- Cognitive psychology focuses on the relationship between thoughts, experiences, and actions.
- The Five Factor model of personality includes conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, and extroversion.
Research Methods and Theoretical Perspectives
- Case studies allow for in-depth understanding of individual behaviors, particularly those with brain injuries.
- Naturalistic observation involves studying subjects in their natural environment without interference (e.g., at speed dating events).
- Longitudinal designs track behaviors over time to predict future development, such as schizophrenia in children.
Experimental Design and Statistical Concepts
- Experiments require a minimum of two participant groups for comparison.
- The control group does not receive the experimental treatment, serving as a baseline for comparison.
- Double-blind studies are conducted to mitigate bias from both participants and researchers.
- The independent variable is manipulated by the experimenter, while the dependent variable is measured to assess effects.
Validity, Reliability, and Ethical Considerations
- A large, randomly selected sample is most likely to yield generalizable research results.
- Peer reviewers play a critical role in maintaining quality control in scientific reporting.
- Studies suggesting links between childhood vaccines and autism have been retracted due to ethical conflicts.
- Reliability refers to consistent outcomes across multiple tests, while validity ensures accurate measurement of intended variables.
Genetic and Biological Foundations of Behavior
- Animal studies, particularly on rodents, help explore psychological phenomena ethically.
- The scientific method advances psychological understanding through systematic inquiry.
- Research into genetics enhances comprehension of biological contributions to behavior.
- Genetic diversity can explain differences in responses to diseases among individuals.
- Chromosomes and DNA are the fundamental components carried by eggs and sperm, with each containing 23 chromosomes.
- Terminal buttons of neurons house synaptic vesicles containing neurotransmitters, which are essential for signaling in the nervous system.
Studying That Suits You
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Description
Test your knowledge on key concepts from Psychology Chapters 1-8 with these flashcards. Focus on important terms related to the scientific method, hypotheses, and structuralism. This quiz will help reinforce your understanding of foundational psychology principles.