Psychology Chapters 1-8 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

Which aspect of the scientific method occurs first?

Hypothesis

For scientific explanation to be testable it must also be _______.

Perceivable and measurable

Guillermo is engaged in ______.

Introspection

Functionalist psychologists focus on the function of behavior and ____.

The operation of the whole mind rather than individual parts Signup and view all the answers

Dr. Bogdarian applies the principles of ______.

Psychoanalytic theory Signup and view all the answers

A psychologist studying the phenomenon where a series of dots arranged in the shape of the face will be perceived as a face is applying the principles of ______.

Gestalt psychology Signup and view all the answers

I am applying the principles of ______ in an attempt to modify Ralph's behavior.

Operant conditioning - reward or punishment Signup and view all the answers

In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the _____ include food, water, and shelter.

Basic survival needs Signup and view all the answers

What is the long research paper that Marta must write called?

Dissertation Signup and view all the answers

Penelope studies how the structure and function of the nervous system relate to behavior. She is a ______.

Biopsychologist Signup and view all the answers

Lucy should specialize in ______ psychology.

Developmental Signup and view all the answers

What does the situation where an adult knows a toy still exists when hidden demonstrate?

Object permanence Signup and view all the answers

Cognitive psychology focuses on studying _______.

Thoughts and their relationship to experiences and actions Signup and view all the answers

In the study of personality, the ______ model includes dimensions of conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, and extroversion.

Five Factor Signup and view all the answers

Edmund wants to conduct research in the area of _____.

Cognition Signup and view all the answers

Susan should conduct research in the area of _____ psychology.

Social psychology - social interaction Signup and view all the answers

Select the correctly ordered list of psychological theorists, with the earliest theorist listed first.

Wilhelm Wundt, Sigmund Freud, Noam Chomsky Signup and view all the answers

Behaviorism focuses on making psychology an objective science by ______.

Studying the genetic basis for behavior and theorizing how instincts influence behavior Signup and view all the answers

Select the correctly ordered list of psychological perspectives, with the earliest perspective listed first.

Structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, humanism Signup and view all the answers

Trephination is the _____

Procedure where a large hole is created in the forehead so that evil spirits can escape Signup and view all the answers

What is a limitation that affects the generalizability of results?

Small sample size Signup and view all the answers

These studies would best be described as _____.

Case studies Signup and view all the answers

What type of research design do they use?

Naturalistic observation Signup and view all the answers

This is an example of a(n) ________ design.

Longitudinal Signup and view all the answers

This is called _____.

Replication Signup and view all the answers

The possible range for a correlation coefficient is ____.

Between -1 and 1 Signup and view all the answers

This research alone demonstrates that ____.

There is a relationship between smoking and lung cancer Signup and view all the answers

A _____ is a variable that affects both variables of interest and may falsely give the impression of a cause-and-effect relationship.

Confounding variable Signup and view all the answers

This is an example of _____.

Confirmation bias Signup and view all the answers

A basic experiment involves a minimum of ______ participant groups.

Two Signup and view all the answers

The ______ group does not get the experimental treatment.

Control Signup and view all the answers

Therefore, they choose to conduct a _____ study.

Double bind Signup and view all the answers

Simply expecting something to happen can make it happen; this describes.

Placebo effect Signup and view all the answers

The _____ is controlled by the experimenter.

Independent variable Signup and view all the answers

In this example, negative emotions are the ______.

Dependent variable Signup and view all the answers

A sample that ______ is most likely to yield generalizable results.

Is large and randomly selected Signup and view all the answers

Peer reviewers ____.

Help ensure quality control in reporting scientific findings Signup and view all the answers

Research describing the link between childhood vaccines and autism has been ______.

Retracted due to financial conflict of interest by the author Signup and view all the answers

________ refers to the ability to consistently produce a given result.

Reliability Signup and view all the answers

________ refers to the ability of an instrument to accurately measure what it is supposed to measure.

Validity Signup and view all the answers

Many studies that cannot ethically be conducted as experiments with typical human participants ______.

Are possible to test with animal studies Signup and view all the answers

________ are the most commonly used species for animal research.

Rodents Signup and view all the answers

Scientific knowledge is advanced through a process called ______.

The scientific method Signup and view all the answers

Psychological researchers study genetics in order to better understand the ________ that contributes to certain behaviors.

Biology Signup and view all the answers

The difference in _____ can explain why one person dies from the disease and another person survives.

Genetics Signup and view all the answers

Eggs and sperm each contain 23 which are composed of long strands of _.

Chromosomes and DNA Signup and view all the answers

The _ of neurons contain _ that house neurotransmitters, the chemical messengers of the nervous system.

Terminal buttons; synaptic vesicles Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Scientific Method and Psychological Concepts

The first step in the scientific method is to formulate a hypothesis.
A testable scientific explanation must be perceivable and measurable.
Introspection involves examining one's own conscious experience in detail.
Functionalist psychologists prioritize the whole mind's operation over individual parts.

Psychoanalytic Theory and Psychological Phenomena

The principles of psychoanalytic theory explain unconscious associations, such as a student mistakenly calling a teacher "mother".
In Gestalt psychology, patterns like dots arranged as a face are perceived as the whole rather than individual elements.
Operant conditioning modifies behavior through rewards (e.g., candy bar) and punishments (e.g., squirt gun).

Needs, Research, and Specializations in Psychology

Maslow's hierarchy delineates basic survival needs like food, water, and shelter.
A long research paper written as part of a graduate degree is called a dissertation.
A biopsychologist studies the relationship between the nervous system's structure and function with behavior.
Those interested in developmental psychology examine changes in cognitive skills and behavior throughout life.

Key Concepts in Psychological Research

Object permanence is the understanding that objects continue to exist even when not visible.
Cognitive psychology focuses on the relationship between thoughts, experiences, and actions.
The Five Factor model of personality includes conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, and extroversion.

Research Methods and Theoretical Perspectives

Case studies allow for in-depth understanding of individual behaviors, particularly those with brain injuries.
Naturalistic observation involves studying subjects in their natural environment without interference (e.g., at speed dating events).
Longitudinal designs track behaviors over time to predict future development, such as schizophrenia in children.

Experimental Design and Statistical Concepts

Experiments require a minimum of two participant groups for comparison.
The control group does not receive the experimental treatment, serving as a baseline for comparison.
Double-blind studies are conducted to mitigate bias from both participants and researchers.
The independent variable is manipulated by the experimenter, while the dependent variable is measured to assess effects.

Validity, Reliability, and Ethical Considerations

A large, randomly selected sample is most likely to yield generalizable research results.
Peer reviewers play a critical role in maintaining quality control in scientific reporting.
Studies suggesting links between childhood vaccines and autism have been retracted due to ethical conflicts.
Reliability refers to consistent outcomes across multiple tests, while validity ensures accurate measurement of intended variables.

Genetic and Biological Foundations of Behavior

Animal studies, particularly on rodents, help explore psychological phenomena ethically.
The scientific method advances psychological understanding through systematic inquiry.
Research into genetics enhances comprehension of biological contributions to behavior.
Genetic diversity can explain differences in responses to diseases among individuals.
Chromosomes and DNA are the fundamental components carried by eggs and sperm, with each containing 23 chromosomes.
Terminal buttons of neurons house synaptic vesicles containing neurotransmitters, which are essential for signaling in the nervous system.

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Test your knowledge on key concepts from Psychology Chapters 1-8 with these flashcards. Focus on important terms related to the scientific method, hypotheses, and structuralism. This quiz will help reinforce your understanding of foundational psychology principles.