Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which aspect of the scientific method occurs first?
Which aspect of the scientific method occurs first?
Hypothesis
For scientific explanation to be testable it must also be _______.
For scientific explanation to be testable it must also be _______.
Perceivable and measurable
Guillermo is engaged in ______.
Guillermo is engaged in ______.
Introspection
Functionalist psychologists focus on the function of behavior and ____.
Functionalist psychologists focus on the function of behavior and ____.
Dr. Bogdarian applies the principles of ______.
Dr. Bogdarian applies the principles of ______.
A psychologist studying the phenomenon where a series of dots arranged in the shape of the face will be perceived as a face is applying the principles of ______.
A psychologist studying the phenomenon where a series of dots arranged in the shape of the face will be perceived as a face is applying the principles of ______.
I am applying the principles of ______ in an attempt to modify Ralph's behavior.
I am applying the principles of ______ in an attempt to modify Ralph's behavior.
In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the _____ include food, water, and shelter.
In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the _____ include food, water, and shelter.
What is the long research paper that Marta must write called?
What is the long research paper that Marta must write called?
Penelope studies how the structure and function of the nervous system relate to behavior. She is a ______.
Penelope studies how the structure and function of the nervous system relate to behavior. She is a ______.
Lucy should specialize in ______ psychology.
Lucy should specialize in ______ psychology.
What does the situation where an adult knows a toy still exists when hidden demonstrate?
What does the situation where an adult knows a toy still exists when hidden demonstrate?
Cognitive psychology focuses on studying _______.
Cognitive psychology focuses on studying _______.
In the study of personality, the ______ model includes dimensions of conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, and extroversion.
In the study of personality, the ______ model includes dimensions of conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, and extroversion.
Edmund wants to conduct research in the area of _____.
Edmund wants to conduct research in the area of _____.
Susan should conduct research in the area of _____ psychology.
Susan should conduct research in the area of _____ psychology.
Select the correctly ordered list of psychological theorists, with the earliest theorist listed first.
Select the correctly ordered list of psychological theorists, with the earliest theorist listed first.
Behaviorism focuses on making psychology an objective science by ______.
Behaviorism focuses on making psychology an objective science by ______.
Select the correctly ordered list of psychological perspectives, with the earliest perspective listed first.
Select the correctly ordered list of psychological perspectives, with the earliest perspective listed first.
Trephination is the _____
Trephination is the _____
What is a limitation that affects the generalizability of results?
What is a limitation that affects the generalizability of results?
These studies would best be described as _____.
These studies would best be described as _____.
What type of research design do they use?
What type of research design do they use?
This is an example of a(n) ________ design.
This is an example of a(n) ________ design.
This is called _____.
This is called _____.
The possible range for a correlation coefficient is ____.
The possible range for a correlation coefficient is ____.
This research alone demonstrates that ____.
This research alone demonstrates that ____.
A _____ is a variable that affects both variables of interest and may falsely give the impression of a cause-and-effect relationship.
A _____ is a variable that affects both variables of interest and may falsely give the impression of a cause-and-effect relationship.
This is an example of _____.
This is an example of _____.
A basic experiment involves a minimum of ______ participant groups.
A basic experiment involves a minimum of ______ participant groups.
The ______ group does not get the experimental treatment.
The ______ group does not get the experimental treatment.
Therefore, they choose to conduct a _____ study.
Therefore, they choose to conduct a _____ study.
Simply expecting something to happen can make it happen; this describes.
Simply expecting something to happen can make it happen; this describes.
The _____ is controlled by the experimenter.
The _____ is controlled by the experimenter.
In this example, negative emotions are the ______.
In this example, negative emotions are the ______.
A sample that ______ is most likely to yield generalizable results.
A sample that ______ is most likely to yield generalizable results.
Peer reviewers ____.
Peer reviewers ____.
Research describing the link between childhood vaccines and autism has been ______.
Research describing the link between childhood vaccines and autism has been ______.
________ refers to the ability to consistently produce a given result.
________ refers to the ability to consistently produce a given result.
________ refers to the ability of an instrument to accurately measure what it is supposed to measure.
________ refers to the ability of an instrument to accurately measure what it is supposed to measure.
Many studies that cannot ethically be conducted as experiments with typical human participants ______.
Many studies that cannot ethically be conducted as experiments with typical human participants ______.
________ are the most commonly used species for animal research.
________ are the most commonly used species for animal research.
Scientific knowledge is advanced through a process called ______.
Scientific knowledge is advanced through a process called ______.
Psychological researchers study genetics in order to better understand the ________ that contributes to certain behaviors.
Psychological researchers study genetics in order to better understand the ________ that contributes to certain behaviors.
The difference in _____ can explain why one person dies from the disease and another person survives.
The difference in _____ can explain why one person dies from the disease and another person survives.
Eggs and sperm each contain 23 ______ which are composed of long strands of _______.
Eggs and sperm each contain 23 ______ which are composed of long strands of _______.
The _____ of neurons contain _____ that house neurotransmitters, the chemical messengers of the nervous system.
The _____ of neurons contain _____ that house neurotransmitters, the chemical messengers of the nervous system.
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Study Notes
Scientific Method and Psychological Concepts
- The first step in the scientific method is to formulate a hypothesis.
- A testable scientific explanation must be perceivable and measurable.
- Introspection involves examining one's own conscious experience in detail.
- Functionalist psychologists prioritize the whole mind's operation over individual parts.
Psychoanalytic Theory and Psychological Phenomena
- The principles of psychoanalytic theory explain unconscious associations, such as a student mistakenly calling a teacher "mother".
- In Gestalt psychology, patterns like dots arranged as a face are perceived as the whole rather than individual elements.
- Operant conditioning modifies behavior through rewards (e.g., candy bar) and punishments (e.g., squirt gun).
Needs, Research, and Specializations in Psychology
- Maslow's hierarchy delineates basic survival needs like food, water, and shelter.
- A long research paper written as part of a graduate degree is called a dissertation.
- A biopsychologist studies the relationship between the nervous system's structure and function with behavior.
- Those interested in developmental psychology examine changes in cognitive skills and behavior throughout life.
Key Concepts in Psychological Research
- Object permanence is the understanding that objects continue to exist even when not visible.
- Cognitive psychology focuses on the relationship between thoughts, experiences, and actions.
- The Five Factor model of personality includes conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, and extroversion.
Research Methods and Theoretical Perspectives
- Case studies allow for in-depth understanding of individual behaviors, particularly those with brain injuries.
- Naturalistic observation involves studying subjects in their natural environment without interference (e.g., at speed dating events).
- Longitudinal designs track behaviors over time to predict future development, such as schizophrenia in children.
Experimental Design and Statistical Concepts
- Experiments require a minimum of two participant groups for comparison.
- The control group does not receive the experimental treatment, serving as a baseline for comparison.
- Double-blind studies are conducted to mitigate bias from both participants and researchers.
- The independent variable is manipulated by the experimenter, while the dependent variable is measured to assess effects.
Validity, Reliability, and Ethical Considerations
- A large, randomly selected sample is most likely to yield generalizable research results.
- Peer reviewers play a critical role in maintaining quality control in scientific reporting.
- Studies suggesting links between childhood vaccines and autism have been retracted due to ethical conflicts.
- Reliability refers to consistent outcomes across multiple tests, while validity ensures accurate measurement of intended variables.
Genetic and Biological Foundations of Behavior
- Animal studies, particularly on rodents, help explore psychological phenomena ethically.
- The scientific method advances psychological understanding through systematic inquiry.
- Research into genetics enhances comprehension of biological contributions to behavior.
- Genetic diversity can explain differences in responses to diseases among individuals.
- Chromosomes and DNA are the fundamental components carried by eggs and sperm, with each containing 23 chromosomes.
- Terminal buttons of neurons house synaptic vesicles containing neurotransmitters, which are essential for signaling in the nervous system.
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