Questions and Answers
The 'I' component of William James's self theory refers to the self as the known.
False
Carl Rogers identified that the ideal self is the version of ourselves that we truly are.
False
According to Rogers, self-actualization is considered the goal of the self.
True
The social self is influenced solely by one’s internal thoughts and feelings.
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Self-concept involves how one perceives others’ views of oneself.
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Incongruence is associated with mental well-being and peace of mind.
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The healthy false self functions to hide the true self only in the presence of trusted individuals.
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Albert Bandura's concept of self-efficacy is unrelated to an individual's belief in their capabilities.
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The unhealthy false self arises from a genuine desire to adapt to societal norms.
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Self-reflectiveness is one of the main features of human agency identified by Albert Bandura.
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Study Notes
Psychological Perspective of the Self
- Psychology examines human thoughts and behaviors scientifically.
- Self-awareness enables individuals to understand their personality, values, emotions, and beliefs.
William James – Theory of the Self
- William James identified two components of the self: “I” and “Me”.
- “I”: The self as the conscious thinker aware of both environment and self.
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“Me”: The self as known, divided into three types:
- Material Self: Includes physical possessions and bodily aspects, which can influence self-esteem.
- Social Self: Influenced by social roles and relationships, shaping one’s reputation in society.
- Spiritual Self: Represents the innermost being, encompassing thoughts and experiences unique to the individual.
Carl Rogers – Self Theory
- Self-concept: How one perceives themselves, evolving through significant interactions and self-awareness.
- Real Self: True awareness of abilities and characteristics, reflecting genuine identity.
- Ideal Self: The aspirational image shaped by learning and experiences.
Importance of Alignment
- Rogers posited that self-actualization, reaching full potential, is the core human motive.
- Congruence: Alignment between real self and ideal self leads to mental well-being.
- Incongruence: Discrepancy results in mental distress or anxiety.
Donald Winnicott
- True Self: Represents authentic feelings and desires.
- False Self: A behavioral adaptation used for survival, often suppressing true needs.
- Types of False Self:
- Healthy False Self: Functions well in society, masks true feelings selectively.
- Unhealthy False Self: Results from forced compliance, may induce narcissism and addiction.
Unified vs. Multiple Self
- Unified Self: Concept of having a cohesive identity.
- Multiple Self: Individuals exhibit different identities or sub-selves in varying contexts.
Albert Bandura – Proactive and Agentic Self
- Bandura emphasizes human agency, asserting individuals can influence their environment.
- Key features of agentic behavior:
- Intentionality: Purposeful action towards a goal.
- Forethought: Anticipating consequences of actions.
- Self-reactiveness: Choosing actions based on situational judgment.
- Self-reflectiveness: Ability to evaluate personal effectiveness and beliefs.
Self-efficacy
- Bandura defines self-efficacy as belief in one's capability to execute necessary actions.
- Four sources of self-efficacy:
- Mastery Experiences: Success in tasks enhances belief in capabilities.
- Social Modeling: Observing others succeed supports self-efficacy.
- Social Persuasion: Encouragement from others can boost belief in abilities.
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Description
Explore the intricate concepts of self-awareness and the psychological theories behind the self proposed by William James. This quiz delves into how personality, values, beliefs, and emotions shape individual identity. Test your knowledge on these foundational topics in psychology.
