Psychodynamic Theories (Freud)

Psychodynamic Theories (Freud)

• People have sought panaceas or potions to reduce pain or improve performance since ancient times.
• Freud initially believed he had discovered a drug with amazing properties.
• Freud tried the drug to elevate mood and treat depression and later promoted it as an analgesic before colleagues identified it as Cocaine in 1884

Overview of Psychoanalytic Theory

• Freud's connection to psychoanalysis eclipsed his association with cocaine.
• Sex and aggression are the foundation of psychoanalysis and continuing subjects.
• Freud's disciples popularized his theory outside Vienna, idealizing him as a hero.
• Freud presented his theories engagingly through language.
• Freud understood personality through patient experiences, dream analysis, and humanities and science readings.
• Freud's work was based on deduction and subjective observations of a small, upper-middle-class patient sample.
• Freud exclusively used the case study approach, forming hypotheses post-fact.

Biography of Sigmund Freud

• Sigmund Freud was born Sigismund Freud on March 6 or May 6, 1856, in Freiberg, Moravia (Czech Republic).
• Freud was the firstborn of Jacob and Amalie Nathanson Freud, although his father had two grown sons, Emanuel and Philipp, from a previous marriage.
• Freud's mother's indulgence may have contributed to his self-confidence, even though he had seven siblings.
• Freud had warm relation with his mother, later citing the mother/son relationship as the most perfect.
• Freud had hostility toward his younger brother, Julius, and an unconscious wish for his death.
• Freud entered medicine driven by a curiosity about human nature.
• In 1885, Freud studied hysteria in Paris with Jean-Martin Charcot, learning hypnotic techniques.
• Freud's friendship with Josef Breuer led to catharsis and the free association technique.
• Freud learned about male hysteria from Charcot in Paris in 1886.
• Freud and Breuer published Studies on Hysteria, introducing “psychical analysis” and "psycho-analysis”.
• Freud turned to Wilhelm Fliess after disagreeing with Breuer.
• In the late 1890s, Freud analyzed his dreams and initiated that practice after his father's death in 1896.
• From his self-analysis study, he believed neurosis originates from child seduction by a parent.
• Ernest Jones believed Freud had a psychoneurosis, while Max Schur cited a cardiac lesion from nicotine addiction.
• Freud completed Interpretation of Dreams in 1899, revealing self-analysis and disguised dreams of friend Wilhelm Fliess.
• After Interpretation of Dreams, Freud's friendship with Fliess cooled, as did his friendship with Breuer and associates Alfred Adler and Carl Jung.
• Freud said difficulties with friends stemmed from animosity, jealousy, or revenge.
• In 1902, Freud met with Viennese physicians, forming the Wednesday Psychological Society.
• In 1908 Freud group adopted the formal name—Vienna Psychoanalytic Society.
• In 1910, Freud and followers founded the International Psychoanalytic Association with Carl Jung of Zürich as president.
• Freud was interested in Jung because Jung was neither Jewish nor Viennese, and had intellect.
• Freud and Jung interpreted each other's dreams, ending their relationship in 1913.
• After the war, Freud endured pain and 33 mouth cancer operations.
• After his operations he elevated aggression to the status of the sexual drive.
• He included one of the defenses of the ego; and attempt to clarify the female Oedipus complex by way of revisions in his theory
• He fathered youngest child by age 40.
• Freud had a dislike for Americans over concerns they would trivialize psychoanalysis to make it popular.

Levels of Mental Life

• Mental life splits into unconscious and conscious levels.
• The unconscious has:
  • the unconscious proper, and
  • the preconscious.

Unconscious

• The unconscious contains drives, urges, or instincts beyond awareness, motivating actions, feelings, and words.
• Important element is the meaning behind dreams, slips of the tongue, defense mechanisms, and forgetting, called repression.
• Childhood memories appears in dreams without conscious recollection.
• To enter the conscious level of the mind, unconscious images must deceive the primary censor, and then evade a final censor.
• Punishment and suppression produces anxiety.
• The anxiety stimulates repression, forcing experiences into the unconscious as a defense against the anxiety.
• Portion of unconscious originates from experiences of early ancestors, passed on through generations of repetition.
• Freud called inherited unconscious images phylogenetic endowment.
• The Unconscious desires come to conscious but often do not appear in their original expression.

Preconscious

• The preconscious contains elements that are not conscious, but can become conscious with some or little effort.
• Contents of preconscious from two sources:
• Conscious perception: person's perception that is conscious for a short time.
  • Quickly goes to preconscious when attention shifts.
  • Alternates between being conscious and preconscious
  • Largely free of anxiety.
  • Similar to conscious images Unconscious:
  • Freud believed that ideas can slip past the vigilant censor and enter into the preconscious in a disguised form.
  • Some of these images never become conscious due to anxiety, activating the final censor.
  • The censor represses images.
• Other images do gain some admission to consciousness:.
  • Cleverly disguised through the dream process,
  • Slip of the tongue,
  • Elaborate defensive measure are also all strategies of Preconscious

Conscious

• Consciousness is mental awareness.

• Consciousness plays a small role in psychoanalytic theory.

• Only level of mental life directly available. Can be reached in two ways:

• Perceptual conscious system:

  • Turned toward the outer world.
  • Medium perception of external stimuli. Nonthreatening elements from preconscious/ disguised images from unconscious

Provinces of the Mind

• Mind's structure includes:
  • id (das Es, or "it"),
  • ego (das Ich, or "I”),
  • superego (das Uber-Ich, or “over-I")
• Provinces are constructs, not territorial.
• Provinces interact with levels of mental life.
• Ego cuts across topographic levels with conscious, preconscious, and unconscious components.
• Superego - mostly preconscious and unconscious

The Id

• The Id core of personality and completely unconscious.

• The Id is “the it,” or a not-yet-owned component of personality.

• Id has no contact to world of reality:

  • It reduces tension by satisfying basic desires.
  • Its function = pleasure.
  • Id serves the pleasure principle. Unrealistic and pleasure-seeking Illogical entertains incompatible ideas

• Id has no morality.

• The Id doesn't distinguish between good and evil.

• Id is not immoral, merely amoral.

• All Id energy is spent to seek pleasure regardless for what is proper and just.

• In conclusion, the Id is:

  • primitive,
  • chaotic,
  • inaccessible to to consciousness
  • unchangeable/unchanging
  • amoral,
  • illogical

• The Id is unorganized, and filled with energy from drives. The Id also discharges for the sake of the pleasure principle.

• Id houses basic drives (primary motivates).

• Id operates through primary process The id seeks to satisfy the pleasure principle, with its survival through development of secondary process for contact with the external world, a function of the ego.

The Ego

• The ego is the only region of the mind in contact with world reality and it grows out of the id during infancy.
• Ego is person's only source of communication with external world
• The ego is governed by the reality principle that tries to substitute for the pleasure principle of the id
• The ego becomes the decision-making or executive branch of personality by being the sole region of the mind in contact with the world.
• The ego makes decisions at all three levels because it is partly conscious, preconscious, and unconscious
• Ego becomes anxious from hostility and forces.
• Ego uses repression and other defense mechanisms to defend itself against anxiety.

The Superego

• The superego signifies the moral and ideal aspects of personality.
• Superego is guided by moralistic/ idealistic principles (opposed to the pleasure principle of the id and the realistic principle of the ego).
• Superego grows out of the ego
• Is the same like ego because it has no energy of on its own.
• It has no contact with the external world.
• Superego differs in respect to realism (demands perfection).
• Superego has two subsystems:
  • the conscience and
  • the ego-ideal.
• The superego conscience results from experiences with punishments for improper behavior and tells us what we should not do,
• The superego ego-ideal develops from experiences with rewards for proper behavior and tells what we should do.
• A well-developed superego controls sexual and aggressive impulses through repression.
• It cannot make repressions, but orders the ego.
• The superego closely watches over the ego to judge its actions and intentions.
• Guilt happens with the ego acts contrary to the moral standards of the superego.
• Inferiority happens with ego is unable to meet standards of perfection.
• Then, guilt is a function of the conscience, whereas inferiority feelings are the result of ego-ideal.
• Superego is not concerned with happiness of ego.
• The superego strives blindly and unrealistically toward perfection.
• The superego is like the Id of ignorance and is unconcerned with how practical its requirements are:

Dynamics of Personality

• Mental life and mind structure is personality composition, also perform activities.
• Freud postulated dynamic, or motivational principle, to explain driving forces behind actions.

Drives

• Drives are also known as Trieb in Germa, which refer to a drive of incentive or stimulus within the person.
• Translators rendered this term as "instinct" but the more accurate word to use “drive” or “impulse.”
• Drives fall under two headings:
  • Sex (Eros)
  • Aggression(Thanatos)
• Drives originate in the id, but are under control of ego.
• Drives have own sources of psychic energy:
  • Libido is for sex drive.
  • Aggression drive remains nameless.
• Impetus : amount of force
• Source is region if body of tension
• Aim: seek pleasure by reduction of tension
• Object: Person or thing as a mean

Sex

• Pleasure from the sexual drive not limited to genital satisfaction.

• Freud viewed the entire body as invested with libido.

• Genitals, mouth, and anus produce sexual pleasure = erogenous zones.

• The aim of the sexual drive is reduction.

• Aim path can be changes.

• Forms can include:

  • Narcissism
  • Love
  • Sadism
  • Masochism

• Infants invest libido on their own ego , known as primary narcissism.

• During adolescence, libido redirects back to ego for self-interest. That shift known as secondary narcissism

  • If there is a moderate degree of self-love it is relatively common and universal

• Libido is invested onto person/object other than themselves, which develops second manifestation of Eros is love,.

• Sexual love for the family gets repressed. aim-inhibited is the second type of live that occurs when there is represses sexual love for the family.

• The overall love people develop for their siblings or parents will become aim-inhibited

• Sadism is to inflict and fulfill sexual fulfillment on another person.

• Libido on person/object other than themselves.

• "Aim-inhibited" is the type of love that gets repressed when a family member brings out some type of sexual love. The love is not eliminated into reducing or inhibiting it with another from being suppressed.

Aggression

• Destructive drive aims to return the organism to an inorganic state.
• Ultimate inorganic death condition = self-destruction.
• Aggression is flexible such as teasing, gossip, sarcasm, suffering, etc.
• Aggression explains wars, atrocities, and religious persecution.

Anxiety

• Anxiety is an unpleasant state with physical sensation that warns of impending danger.
• Only the ego can produce or feel anxiety.
  • But the id,
  • superego,
  • external world each are involved to three anxiety:
    • neurotic,
    • moral
    • world reality
• Ego's dependence results:
  • Id = neurotic anxiety
  • Superego = moral anxiety
  • The outer world = realistic anxiety
• Neurotic anxiety:
  • Is defined as apprehension about danger.
  • Feeling is on ego.
  • Originates from id impulses.
• Moral: stems from conflict between ego and supergo.
• From the age of 5 - 6 child may feel conflict and what is needed from their superego vs a realistic need.
• Realisitic: related to fear.
• It's an upset with danger. It differs in which it does not have specification

Defense Mechanisms

• Protection Mechanisms all normal use.
• Compulsive, repetitive, and neurotic is when carried to extreme.
• Repression- is the most basic
• Happens as well with all of them
• Ego is protected with itself by threats, impulses. What is undesired by feeling in the unconscious.
• Impulses follow become unconscious:

1. Freud stated their many probabilities will exist. The one that is unchanged by in unconscious is also the first.
2. Also they could be forced into in its original. They would build much more.
3. Also, there more repressed is the forms that express displacing/disguising

• Drives are disguised and many include impotency from guilt.
• A release is offered in dreams or even a slip of tongue!

Reaction Formation

• Reaction Formation a repressed impulse occurs while embracing its opposite form.
• Hate toward parents. Knowing affection produced much pain from anxiety
• A conc on an opposite pulse - love
• Love/ Hate from both is not from what is accurate Freud believe reaction is small. Only those unconscious are hatred.

Displacement

• Displacement people can redirect unacceptable urges onto a variety of people or objects so that the original impulse is disguised or concealed.

Fixation

• Growth psychologically however there is an anxiety provking moment
• Not taking that next provoke becomes re-surfacing!
• Taking it easy and comforting it again.
• "Attachment" Libido and primitive development

Continual pleasure that is derived can produce eating problems.

Regression

• After their libido has a pass on stage. It is reverting of stress and anxiety back on those.
• The "Adult" common reaction to anxiety, is producing earlier and safer/ secure behavior .
• They invest libido better.
• Under much stress, one will return back onto the "Womb". It's either the safety is "infant" or much like "behavior".
• Demands to be fixiated. Its usually temporary. Whereas regressive actions demand more.

Projection

• It's in the case of "Ego" that when those with much is provoked, it can be diminished through impulses, much onto the other party.

• The method if defense is projection!. That is those' that are seeing the negative tendencies which exist in "one".

• In that such one that is from always is for reading or understanding from what is the woman at stake. All though.

An Extreme Case

• Extreme of the type is paranoia. It's known as the "Mental Disorder". Which much jealousy.It's not just from over coming what is projected but a severely
• Intro-jection

Introjection

• On a contrast as though an external force will involve the "projection of impulsiveness" in it... It has incorporation that does not do.
• They bring it into one self! Those who project characteristics, see that those. That enables, that would help feel better Resulution / Solutoln
• Saw as what is the "Odious Complex". Was their prototyol". The children bring values and over from whom as a parent: "Interjection", that brings super-ego !

Sublimation

• Sublimation helps all. the society.
• Repression that sub with cutural act
• The culture most obviously stated art, music , literation
  • all relation that is of social Persuits

Stages of Development

• Development is through stages that culminate in maturity:

Infantil: the first 4 or 5 years

Next : 6 or 7 year phase with growth taking position.

• The Renaissance is known as " Genital". Phyclsexual development culminates with its development"
• Infantil (Part of development) The most to assume. Is that both infants pass and share 4 to 5 stage.

Oral Phase

• Mouth = pleasure.

• Nourishment through sucking

• Infants are very adaptive and show their needs

• Infants feel anxiety as their feeds more slow. Their defense against teeth, second oral then period the "Oralsadistic".

• Infants will act to biting, cooing..

• Their first "autoerotic" and nutrition and more. •Anal Phase

• Aggression is more developed and anus for the stage Freud called it Sadistic-anal phase. Is what he called the phase

• Divides phase: Earlyanal / anal

• Destruction is a huge characteristic and aggressiveness !

• It has behavior which may have an impact parents.. With the end they sometimes will act nice but what stems their pleasure

Feces

• That their kid and prized, if good their parents it translates generosity when negative it's punitive.

• Children can make better their stage. the mode of narcissistic , can be a source to why they will do:

• With receive the satisfaction it could lead to being too neat and in order Freud said who do, with are toliet and more. They get more pleasure

• Oral/Anal which sex grows. Either it is active which the considered sadism/ dominate. With the passive is to what they marked.

• However one or either can take what occurs better. •Phalic all face

• Around 3 o 4 children they use that point

• They act better.. more than just to find something that is equal

• But is for what is on more at their phacic stage. Masturbation during that stage. Children have impulses

Male Oedipus Complex

•- Freud the fact they both are "identification". The most

• He wishes and does not show the contradiction in time . To the sun side.
• That desires is that to have his mom . He finds Dad as a rival
• It feminine and devlop in "odipol stage" He will display his feel!
• A time can dispose to be better toward a Mother
• "Complete odipus complex".. is to coexist. Due to what Is either of emotion that isn't.
• Believation anxiety

Female Oedipus Complex

Assues on all that is the gender , with not to have genitals!

• It's also their to get the "something".

• And they all express as though their a boy: "PENIS ENVY". This will be a powerful impact

• The said is what is known as to have or express . For giving birth on that style.

• Similar to all when brought with no penis: "Turn into feelings"

• With be their, though turn on fathers with want what is also theirs and what to satfiy. ==