Psychodynamic Theories - Freud and Adler
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Questions and Answers

What does the term 'Accusation' refer to in the context of self-esteem?

  • Demonstrating confidence in oneself
  • Blaming others and seeking revenge (correct)
  • Self-inflicted guilt and torture
  • Taking responsibility for one's failures

What characterizes 'Self-Accusation'?

  • Self-torture and guilt (correct)
  • Seeking support from others
  • A positive self-image
  • Emotional self-control

Which term describes the psychological regression to a more secure period of life?

  • Standing still
  • Hesitation
  • Moving backward (correct)
  • Withdrawal

Which behavior is associated with the tendency to avoid all responsibility?

<p>Staying still (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do individuals often express their sense of inferiority negatively?

<p>Through arrogance and agoraphobia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'hesitating' refer to in the context of problem-solving?

<p>Procrastination leading to excuses (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a method individuals use to protect their self-esteem by overcoming challenges?

<p>Constructing obstacles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Adler view dreams in relation to problem-solving?

<p>As a mechanism for problem-solving (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three key components of Freud's structural model of personality?

<p>Id, Ego, Superego (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept refers to Alfred Adler's idea of the drive to improve oneself?

<p>Striving for Superiority (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of Freud's psychosexual development is focused on toilet training?

<p>Anal Stage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes Freud's view on the role of defense mechanisms?

<p>They protect the ego from anxiety. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates Adler's perspective on human motivation from Freud's?

<p>Adler emphasized social interest and community. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of Freud's theory includes a framework for understanding mental illness?

<p>Theory of Psychopathology (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about Freud's theory is true?

<p>Freud’s theory covers multiple aspects of motivation and personality development. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Sigmund Freud's profession before he became involved in psychoanalysis?

<p>Neurologist (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition was Bertha Pappenheim, also known as Anna O, diagnosed with?

<p>Conversion Neurosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some common symptoms associated with a hysterical personality?

<p>Seductive behavior, irritability, and emotional dependency (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a cause of hysteria?

<p>Excessive exercise (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the presumed basis for the psychological symptoms observed in hysterical patients?

<p>Unresolved psychological conflicts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which psychological phenomenon was showcased by Anna O according to her case?

<p>Powerful influence of psychological forces outside conscious awareness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which physical symptom was NOT reported in Anna O’s case?

<p>Paralysis of the left side of the body (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of emotional behavior is commonly observed in hysterical individuals during fits?

<p>Heightened emotional states like crying or tantrums (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What time period did Breuer and Freud publish their findings on hysteria?

<p>1895 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Adler believe is primarily important for solving personal problems?

<p>Emotional residue from past experiences. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does birth order affect personality according to Adler?

<p>It can influence personality traits due to family dynamics. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What criticism focuses on Adler's lack of empirical support?

<p>His concepts are often difficult to test scientifically. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by fixation in psychosexual development?

<p>Lingering focus at an earlier psychosexual stage due to unresolved conflicts (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do some psychologists argue about Adler's emphasis on social factors?

<p>It could overshadow biological and unconscious influences. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which psychosexual stage is characterized primarily by pleasure from bowel and bladder elimination?

<p>Anal stage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of Adler's theory has been criticized for vagueness?

<p>His ideas on birth order and its effects on personality. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Oedipus complex represent in Freudian theory?

<p>A boy's sexual desires towards his mother and rivalry with his father (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a concept associated with Adler's Individual Psychology?

<p>Inferiority complex. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Freud identify as the source of anxiety?

<p>Suppressed experiences and emotional conflicts (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which critique argues Adler's theories oversimplify human behavior?

<p>Simplification through inferiority complex. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of psychosexual development, what does identification refer to?

<p>The internalization of parents' values into a child's superego (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Adler's theory as it relates to community influences?

<p>Social interest and cooperation with others. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Electra complex is best described as?

<p>A girl's competition with her mother for her father's affection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the latency stage of psychosexual development?

<p>It involves little or no sexual feelings and a focus on learning (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What form of aggression involves enjoying the suffering of others?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant aspect of Alfred Adler's approach to education?

<p>Advocacy for child guidance and parenting programs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What marked the tension between Adler and Freud?

<p>Adler's break from Freud's psychoanalytic circle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What motivated Adler to pursue a career in medicine?

<p>The death of his younger brother (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theory did Adler develop that focuses on the effects of family dynamics?

<p>Birth Order Theory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one key difference between Freud's and Adler's views on personality development?

<p>Freud views personality as a product of id, ego, and superego, while Adler sees it as goal-oriented (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Adler's early academic struggles influence his later life?

<p>They motivated him to excel particularly in mathematics (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Adler's concept of 'striving for superiority' emphasize?

<p>The need to overcome feelings of inferiority (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In contrast to Freud's Oedipus complex, what does Adler suggest about family relationships?

<p>Wider family relationships influence personality development (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Psychoanalytic Theory

Sigmund Freud's theory emphasizing the unconscious mind, early childhood experiences, and the influence on personality development.

Id

A fundamental component of Freud's theory, representing instinctual urges and primal desires. It operates on the pleasure principle, seeking immediate gratification.

Ego

The mediator between the id's demands and the superego's moral restrictions. It operates on the reality principle, finding realistic ways to satisfy desires.

Superego

The internalized moral compass, representing societal rules and values. It strives for perfection and guilt emerges when its standards are not met.

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Psychosexual Stages

A series of developmental stages proposed by Freud, where individuals face different psychosexual conflicts that shape their personality.

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Defense Mechanisms

Unconscious mental strategies used to protect the ego from anxiety and distressing thoughts. They distort reality, but are not deliberate.

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Early Childhood Experiences

Freud's idea that early childhood experiences are crucial in shaping our personality and behaviors. He believed the first 5 years are critical.

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Individual Psychology

Alfred Adler's perspective that individuals are motivated by a drive for superiority and a sense of belonging. It focuses on social influences and individual meaning.

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Hysteria (Conversion Neurosis)

A mental health condition characterized by physical symptoms without a clear medical cause, often rooted in psychological trauma or stress.

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Bertha Pappenheim

A patient known as "Anna O" who was diagnosed with hysteria due to physical symptoms without a readily identifiable medical basis.

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Hysterical Symptoms

Symptoms associated with hysteria, including physical and emotional distress.

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Hysterical Personality

A personality type often associated with hysteria, characterized by exaggerated emotions, dependence, and interpersonal difficulties.

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Freud's Theory on Hysteria

Freud's theory suggests hysteria arises from repressed emotions and desires, particularly those related to sexuality.

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"Anna O." (Bertha Pappenheim)

Freud's research subject who showed dramatic emotional responses and physical symptoms, highlighting the power of the unconscious mind.

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Freud's Cocaine Use

Freud's personal use of cocaine as a means of coping with depression.

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Martha Bernays

Freud's wife, Martha Bernays, whom he married in 1886.

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Striving for Superiority

A psychological concept that describes the innate desire of individuals to overcome feelings of inferiority and strive for wholeness and competence.

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Inferiority Complex

A complex that arises from feelings of inadequacy, insecurity, and lack of worthiness, often stemming from early childhood experiences and social comparisons.

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Social Interest

Adler's emphasis on the importance of social connection, empathy, and contributing to the well-being of others.

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Birth Order Theory

A theory that posits that a person's birth order influences their personality traits and dynamics within a family.

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Holistic Approach

Adler's approach to understanding personality that emphasizes the interconnectedness of various aspects of an individual's life, including their social, psychological, and biological factors.

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Break with Freud

A major disagreement that occurred between Adler and Freud, leading to Adler's separation from the psychoanalytic movement.

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Sibling Rivalry

Adler's view that individuals attempt to overcome feelings of inadequacy by seeking power, dominance, and control over others.

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Forms of Aggression

Teasing, Sarcasm, Gossip, and Humiliation are all different yet similar ways in which aggression can manifest. They all involve a sense of humor and enjoying the suffering of others.

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Oedipus Complex

A boy's unconscious desire for his mother and feelings of competitiveness with his father.

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Castration Anxiety

A fear that a boy experiences during the phallic stage, stemming from the realization that his father could castrate him to protect his mother.

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Electra Complex

A girl's unconscious desire for her father and feelings of competitiveness with her mother.

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Penis Envy

The unconscious desire by a girl to have a penis, stemming from the belief that it provides an advantage in society.

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Identification

This term emphasizes the process by which children adopt their parents' values and standards into their own sense of right and wrong, their 'Superego'.

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Fixation

This refers to the fixation of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier stage of psychosexual development, often due to unresolved conflicts in that stage.

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Anxiety

When a person blocks out or suppresses feelings, memories, or impulses that are too distressing or overwhelming to cope with. These can lead to anxiety and other mental health issues.

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Emotional Residue in Dreams

Adler believed that it is not so much the dream narrative that gives us the answer to our problem, but rather the emotional residue that guides us towards a correct decision.

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Family Dynamics & Birth Order

Adler viewed family dynamics as a significant factor in a child's development, particularly the influence of birth order on personality.

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Criticisms of Adler's Theory

Adler's theories, like striving for superiority and social interest, have been criticized for lacking strong scientific evidence and relying on subjective interpretation.

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Overemphasis on Social Factors?

Some believe Adler overemphasized social and community factors in personality development, underplaying the roles of biology and unconscious processes.

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Simplification of Behavior?

Critics argue that Adler simplifies complex behaviors, especially with the concept of the inferiority complex, which may not fully explain the richness of human actions.

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Vagueness of Birth Order?

Adler's ideas on birth order have been criticized for vagueness and inconsistency. Research on this topic yields mixed results, raising concerns about the validity of his claims.

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Adler's Individual Psychology

Adler's individual psychology emphasizes the drive for superiority and social interest in understanding human motivation and behavior.

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Accusation

A defense mechanism where individuals blame others for their failures to protect their self-esteem.

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Self-Accusation

A defense mechanism characterized by self-punishment and guilt, often used to hurt those close to the individual.

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Moving Backward

A defense mechanism where individuals retreat to a safer, earlier period in life to avoid challenges.

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Standing Still

A defense mechanism where individuals avoid any responsibility or risk of failure by refusing to take action.

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Hesitating

A defense mechanism involving procrastination and delaying difficult situations, often using the excuse that it is too late.

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Constructing Obstacles

A defense mechanism where individuals create obstacles for themselves, allowing them to overcome them and strengthen their self-esteem.

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Arrogance

A defense mechanism in Adlerian psychology where we exaggerate our positive attributes as compensation for perceived weaknesses.

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Study Notes

Psychodynamic Theories - Freud and Adler

  • Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory is comprehensive, including a theory of motivation, thinking (including dreaming), personality development (psychosexual), mental structures (id, ego, superego), psychopathology and symptom formation, and psychotherapy.
  • Freud's theory emphasizes the importance of childhood sexuality and unconscious motivations influencing personality.
  • The id operates on the pleasure principle, seeking immediate gratification.
  • The ego operates on the reality principle, mediating desires and reality.
  • The superego represents internalized societal standards and values.
  • Freud believed dreams are the "royal road to the unconscious"
  • Manifest content refers to the content of a dream as remembered.
  • Latent content refers to the underlying meaning of a dream.

Key Figures

  • Sigmund Freud was born on May 6, 1856, to Jewish parents in present-day Czech Republic.
  • He was a neurologist before focusing on psychoanalysis.
  • Freud used hypnosis, and the cathartic method, and observed patients' memories of being sexually seduced by parents as elements of his theory.
  • He modified his theory and views over his long career.
  • He died in 1939.
  • Alfred Adler (February 7, 1870, to May 28, 1937) was an Austrian physician, psychiatrist, and a part of Freud´s initial circle
  • He founded Individual Psychology in 1911
  • His theories revolved around inferiority and striving for superiority
  • He saw family dynamics as very important in a child's development and that place in birth order impacts personality.

Lesson Objectives

  • Understand Sigmund Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory
  • Identify the key components of Freud's structural model of personality (id, ego, superego).
  • Explain Freud's concept of psychosexual stages of development and their impact on personality
  • Analyze the role of defense mechanisms in Freud's theory and their function in protecting the ego
  • Explore Alfred Adler's Individual Psychology of Striving for Superiority.
  • Compare and contrast Freud and Adler's Theories, and the key differences in their views on motivation and personality.
  • Evaluate the impact of Freud and Adler's theories on modern psychology and their relevance today.
  • Examine the role of motivation in early life development
  • Explain Freud's psychoanalytic theory overview, and identify Freud´s main theories (motivation, thinking, personality, etc..)
  • Explain the different levels of consciousness from Freud´s perspective
  • Explain Adler's Individual Psychology and its main focuses.
  • Describe Adler's concept of striving for superiority and its influence on personality development.
  • Explore Adler´s view of safeguarding tendencies

Psychosexual Development

  • Oral stage (0-18 months) - Pleasure centers on mouth
  • Anal stage (18-36 months) - Pleasure focuses on bowel/bladder elimination
  • Phallic stage (3-6 years) - Genitals are the pleasure zone, dealing with incestuous feelings, sexual identity
  • Latency stage (6 to puberty)- little or no sexual feelings, focuses on learning.
  • Genital stage (puberty to death)- maturation of sexual interest

Vocabulary

  • Oedipus complex: A boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father.
  • Castration anxiety: A boy's fear from wrestling with his love for his mother, knowing he cannot overcome his father physically.
  • Electra complex: A girl´s sexual desire towards her father and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival mother.
  • Penis envy: A desire for male-dominated advantages.
  • Identification: The process by which children incorporate parents' values into their developing superegos.
  • Fixation: A lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, where conflicts were unresolved.
  • Repression: A defense mechanism where disturbing wishes, thoughts, or memories are forced into the unconscious.
  • Denial: A refusal to accept reality, blocking external events from awareness
  • Displacement: Redirection of an impulse (usually aggression) onto a powerless substitute target.
  • Sublimation: Displacement of unacceptable emotions into constructive and socially acceptable activities
  • Reaction formation: A behavioral pattern in which one acts the opposite way to what one thinks or feels
  • Regression: A retreat to an earlier stage of development.
  • Projection: Attributing unwanted thoughts, feelings, or motives onto another person
  • Rationalization: Cognitive distortion of facts to make events or impulses less threatening

Critiques of Freud's Psychoanalysis

  • Freud´s theory is good at explaining but not at predicting
  • Freud exhibited research bias
  • Limited focus on female psychosexual development
  • Limited empirical research, based on patients´ recollections
  • Limited attention given to homosexual development

Critiques of Adler's Individual Psychology

  • Lack of empirical support for some concepts
  • Overemphasis on social factors
  • Simplification of complex behaviors
  • Inconsistencies and vagueness

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Description

Explore the key concepts of psychodynamic theories developed by Freud and Adler. This quiz covers Freud's psychoanalytic theory, including the id, ego, superego, and the significance of dreams in understanding the unconscious. Test your knowledge of these influential figures and their contributions to psychology.

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