Psych 281 Topic 22 Token Economies

Study Notes

Token Economy Overview

A token economy is a system that reinforces desired behaviors by rewarding individuals with tokens, which can later be exchanged for backup reinforcers.
Tokens serve as immediate conditioned reinforcers and motivate clients to pursue positive behavior while discouraging negative behavior.

Characteristics of Token Economies

Designed to change behaviors in groups rather than just individuals.
Focus on multiple target behaviors simultaneously.
Incorporate complex systems to manage behavioral consequences effectively.

Essential Components

Identifiable target behaviors that need strengthening.
A clear set of tokens that act as conditioned reinforcers.
Backup reinforcers available for token exchange.
A structured reinforcement schedule guiding token delivery.
Defined rates at which tokens can be exchanged for backup items.
Specific times and locations for the token exchange process.

Optional Components

Introduction of a response cost element that identifies undesirable behaviors, including the token deduction for each instance.

Implementation Steps

Identifying Target Behaviors:
- Determine and clearly define target behaviors based on group needs and problems.
- More effective in homogenous groups with similar skills.
Functional Assessment:
- Analyze antecedents and consequences linked to the target behaviors.
Program Administration:
- Recruit and train staff to recognize target behaviors, adjust antecedents, maintain records, and distribute tokens.
Baseline Data Collection:
- Gather initial data on behaviors before launching the token economy.

Setup of Token Economy

Materials and Equipment:
- Choose tokens (e.g., poker chips, stars) and backup reinforcers (e.g., privileges, consumables).
Facility Preparation:
- Create an environment where tokens can be exchanged, like a "store."
Token and Reinforcer Selection:
- Select durable and convenient tokens, ensuring they are not easily lost or counterfeited.
- Backup reinforcers must not include basic needs such as food or safety.

Managing Consequences

Develop clear guidelines for token administration:
- Deliver tokens immediately following target behaviors.
- Reinforce with natural rewards (e.g., praise).
- Keep accurate records of behaviors and token distribution.
- Offer bonus rewards for exceptional performance when possible.

Schedule of Reinforcement

Establish how many tokens are earned for specific target behaviors, maximizing performance.
Begin with continuous reinforcement for all instances, then transition to intermittent schedules for sustainability.

Exchange Rates

Determine token exchange rates based on the number of tokens required for backup reinforcers and their associated costs.

Description

Explore the concept of token economies in behavior reinforcement. This quiz provides essential definitions and applications of token economies, highlighting their use in motivating desirable behavior. Perfect for students in PSYCH 281 looking to deepen their understanding of this psychological system.