Psych 100 Chapter 9 and 10 Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which characteristic is commonly associated with cults?

  • High-demand schedule (correct)
  • Freedom of choice
  • Flexible belief system
  • Open communication

What is a key motivator for members to remain in cults?

  • Healthy relationships
  • The ineffectiveness of logical arguments (correct)
  • Financial independence
  • Access to varied perspectives

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of stereotypes?

  • Resistant to new information
  • Overgeneralized
  • Flexible (correct)
  • Positive

What distinguishes distress from eustress?

<p>Eustress provides a feeling of control, whereas distress creates anxiety. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a response-based model of stress?

<p>It examines how perceptions influence emotional responses to stress. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does brain death signify?

<p>Permanent and irreversible loss of all brain function (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of death is a person's breathing described as involuntary and labored?

<p>Agonal Phase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is defined as a good form of stress that can enhance performance?

<p>Eustress (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does drive theory explain motivated behavior?

<p>By stating it is a result of deviations from homeostasis creating physiological needs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes humanistic psychology from other branches of psychology?

<p>Holistic consideration of individual experiences and potential for growth (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of homeostasis?

<p>State of equilibrium in biological conditions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What typically happens during clinical death?

<p>Person stops breathing and heart ceases to beat (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential outcome of distress?

<p>Increased risk of exhaustion and fatigue (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the medial preoptic area (MPOA) in the hypothalamus?

<p>Triggers erectile responses (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which need is NOT part of Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

<p>Social acceptance needs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the amygdala involved in sexual behavior?

<p>It assesses social cues for appropriateness. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does damage to the MPOA have on male sexual behavior?

<p>Impairs sexual behavior (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What neurotransmitter is primarily associated with pleasure and reward in the nucleus accumbens during sexual behavior?

<p>Dopamine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following needs is most fundamental according to Maslow's hierarchy?

<p>Physiological needs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to sexual motivation when dopamine signaling in the nucleus accumbens is disrupted?

<p>It decreases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of needs does Maslow classify as 'Love and belonging needs'?

<p>Social connections and acceptance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic distinguishes eustress from distress?

<p>Eustress is typically caused by positive events. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the fundamental attribution error refer to?

<p>Overemphasizing internal factors in explaining others' behavior. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bias involves attributing personal success to internal factors while blaming situational circumstances for failures?

<p>Self-serving bias (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of obedience, what does entrapment refer to?

<p>A process of escalating commitment that makes disobedience difficult. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a motivator of obedience?

<p>A strong personal belief in one’s own judgment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the just-world hypothesis influence people's perceptions of outcomes?

<p>It implies that people earn outcomes based on their actions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon describes the tendency to explain our own behavior as situational while attributing others' behaviors to internal traits?

<p>Actor-observer bias (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines cognitive dissonance?

<p>A psychological discomfort due to conflicting beliefs or behaviors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of object permanence refer to?

<p>Understanding that an object can exist without being seen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes egocentrism in children?

<p>Believing that one's perspective is the only one (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does conservation in cognitive development signify?

<p>Realizing that amounts remain constant despite changes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which situation best illustrates a lack of conservation?

<p>A child thinking a taller glass holds more liquid than a shorter one of equal volume (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by the term 'imaginary audience' in psychological terms?

<p>The idea that one is constantly being judged by others (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The concept of personal fable suggests that an adolescent believes they are:

<p>Unique and invulnerable to problems (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a persistent vegetative state (PVS)?

<p>Partial state of arousal without awareness of the environment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cognitive ability primarily develops during the preoperational stage and relates to conservation?

<p>Recognizing the constancy of an object's properties (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does attribution theory aim to understand about behavior?

<p>The feelings, beliefs, and intentions of others (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of repeated exposure to a statement known as?

<p>Validity effect (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the validity effect contribute to disinformation?

<p>It enhances cognitive fluency leading to misjudgment of truth (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of initiation rituals in psychology?

<p>To establish a sense of belonging and transition into new roles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do challenge and discomfort play in initiation rituals?

<p>They enhance the sense of connection and trust among members. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are individuals typically targeted for recruitment by cults or terrorist organizations?

<p>By presenting solutions to their frustrations and isolation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What transformation is often promised to individuals by cults during recruitment?

<p>From rejected to superior (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do frustrated or isolated individuals seek through recruitment into cults?

<p>To achieve a sense of belonging and purpose (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Object Permanence

The understanding that objects continue to exist even when they are out of sight.

Egocentrism

The inability to see things from another person's perspective, or the lack of understanding that other people have different thoughts and feelings.

Conservation

The ability to understand that the amount or quantity of something remains the same even if its appearance changes.

Lack of Conservation

A lack of conservation indicates that someone cannot grasp the concept that quantity remains the same regardless of appearance changes, often observed in young children.

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Imaginary Audience

When a person believes that everyone is constantly watching and judging them, especially common during adolescence.

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Personal Fable

The belief that one is special, unique, and invincible, characterized by heightened self-importance and risk-taking behavior.

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Persistent Vegetative State

A state of unconsciousness with wake-sleep cycles but lacking awareness of surroundings.

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Egocentrism

The difficulty of distinguishing between oneself and others or accurately understanding perspectives different from one's own.

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Agonal Phase

The time period just before death, characterized by labored breathing and involuntary body movements.

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Clinical Death

A medical emergency where the heart stops beating and breathing ceases. Also known as Cardiac Arrest.

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Homeostasis

A state of balance in the body where essential conditions like temperature are maintained at an optimal level.

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Eustress

A positive and motivating form of stress that helps with performance and well-being. It's usually moderate and enjoyable.

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Distress

A negative and harmful form of stress. It can lead to exhaustion, burnout, and negatively impact performance and health.

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Drive Theory

A psychological theory that explains motivation based on physiological needs and drive states. It suggests that deviations from homeostasis create drives that push us to meet those needs.

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Humanism

A school of thought that focuses on the individual's unique experiences, growth potential, and inherent goodness. It emphasizes a holistic view of the person.

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Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

A pyramid-shaped model that ranks human needs in a hierarchical order, starting from basic physiological needs and moving towards self-actualization.

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Physiological Needs

The most basic needs in Maslow's hierarchy, including food, water, shelter, and sleep. These needs must be met before individuals can focus on higher-level needs.

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Safety Needs

The second level in Maslow's hierarchy, focusing on safety and security from harm. These needs include feeling safe, protected, and stable.

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Love and Belonging Needs

The third level in Maslow's hierarchy, focusing on feeling loved, connected, and accepted by others. This includes friendships, family, and romantic relationships.

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Esteem Needs

The fourth level in Maslow's hierarchy, focusing on self-esteem and recognition. This includes feeling confident, respected, and valued by others.

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Self-Actualization Needs

The highest level in Maslow's hierarchy, focusing on reaching one's full potential, growth, and self-discovery. This includes pursuing personal goals, creativity, and meaning in life.

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Medial Preoptic Area (MPOA)

A brain structure located in the hypothalamus that plays a crucial role in regulating male sexual behavior. It triggers erectile responses and facilitates mating behaviors.

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Amygdala

A part of the brain that receives sensory information related to potential sexual partners and triggers emotional responses. It also plays a role in assessing social cues and the appropriateness of sexual behavior.

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Fundamental attribution error

The tendency to overestimate the influence of personality traits and underestimate situational factors when explaining someone else's behavior.

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Actor-observer bias

The tendency to attribute our own behaviors to situational factors and others' behaviors to their personality traits.

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Self-serving bias

The tendency to take credit for successes by attributing them to our personal qualities (internal attribution) while blaming failures on external factors.

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Just-world hypothesis

The belief that people get what they deserve, regardless of their circumstances. It can lead to victim-blaming and a lack of empathy.

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Cognitive dissonance

A state of psychological discomfort caused by inconsistencies between beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors. It can lead to changes in attitudes or behavior to resolve the inconsistency.

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Social identity

The part of a person's identity that comes from their group memberships, such as nationality, religion, or social class.

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Rigid Belief System

A rigid set of beliefs that are not open to change, even in the face of contradictory evidence. This can create a closed system of thought where questioning the beliefs is discouraged.

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Characteristic of the Leader

People who are often charismatic and able to exert a strong influence over their followers. They may appeal to a sense of hope, purpose, or belonging, and followers may see them as infallible or having special access to knowledge.

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Isolation

The process where members are discouraged from interacting with people outside the group, which can limit outside perspectives and increase reliance on the group's internal narratives.

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High-Demand Schedule

Members are often subjected to intensive schedules that can be demanding and leave little time for independent thought or activities. This can foster dependency and control by the group.

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Deceptive Recruitment Tactics

Cults often utilize deceptive tactics to recruit new members, such as appealing to vulnerabilities, offering promises of belonging, or using false pretenses to gain trust.

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What is attribution theory?

A theory explaining how we try to understand others' behavior by attributing their actions to specific feelings, beliefs, and intentions.

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What is the validity effect?

The phenomenon where repeated exposure to a statement makes it seem more believable, even if it's actually false. Familiarity breeds trust, but not always accuracy.

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What is the purpose of initiation rituals?

Initiation rituals help people feel like they belong to a group by marking their transition into a new role or status within it. These rituals often involve shared discomfort or challenges.

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How are cult members and suicide bombers recruited?

These rituals are more likely to be successful when individuals feel frustrated, isolated, or lack opportunities. They offer a sense of belonging and purpose, potentially leading to cognitive dissonance resolution.

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What is Drive Theory?

It tries to explain why people are motivated by their physiological needs. When these needs aren't met, we experience drives to fulfill them and restore balance.

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What is humanism?

A psychological approach that emphasizes individual experiences, potential for growth, and inherent goodness. It emphasizes a holistic view of people.

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What is Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?

A pyramid-shaped model that ranks human needs from basic physiological needs to self-actualization. Needs must be fulfilled in order, starting from the bottom.

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What is self-actualization?

This theory suggests that people have a need for self-actualization - to reach their full potential.

This includes pursuing personal goals, creativity, and meaning in life.

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Study Notes

Psych 100 Chapter 9

  • Object Permanence: The understanding that objects continue to exist even when not visible.
  • Egocentrism: Difficulty taking another person's perspective; a characteristic of a preoperational child.
  • Conservation: Understanding that quantity remains constant despite changes in appearance (e.g., shape). A lack of conservation means a child believes a changed appearance means a change in quantity.
  • Imaginary Audience: Belief that others are constantly watching and judging one's appearance and actions.
  • Personal Fable: Belief that one is unique and invulnerable; a core concept of adolescent egocentrism.
  • Persistent Vegetative State: A chronic condition where a person is in a state of arousal but unaware of their surroundings. Severe brain damage can cause this condition

Psych 100 Chapter 10

  • Homeostasis: State of equilibrium in biological conditions (e.g., body temperature).
  • Self-actualization: Reaching full potential; a need in Maslow's hierarchy.
  • Eustress: Good stress; associated with positive feelings and optimal performance.
  • Distress: Bad stress; associated with exhaustion, fatigue and bad performance.
  • Drive Theory: Explains motivated behavior as a deviation from homeostasis; creating a psychological drive to meet needs and restore balance.

Psych 100 Chapter 15

  • Vulnerability-Stress Model: A theory that suggests psychological disorders result from a combination of vulnerabilities (e.g., genetics, personality) and stressors (e.g., trauma, environmental factors).
  • Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Characterized by excessive, uncontrollable worry and anxiety.
  • Panic Disorder: Characterized by sudden, intense episodes of fear and anxiety (panic attacks).
  • Phobias: Exaggerated fear of specific objects, activities, or situations.
  • Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): A condition triggered by traumatic events, characterized by intrusive thoughts, flashbacks, and avoidance of reminders of the trauma.
  • Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD): Characterized by unwanted thoughts or obsessions, and compulsive behaviors to relieve anxiety from those thoughts/obsessions.
  • Major Depression: Characterized by persistent sadness, loss of interest, and other symptoms.
  • Bipolar Disorder: Characterized by extreme shifts in mood between manic episodes (excess energy, impulsivity) and depressive episodes.
  • Borderline Personality Disorder: A condition involving instability in emotions, relationships, and self-image.
  • Psychopathy: A personality disorder characterized by antisocial behavior, lack of empathy, and manipulativeness.
  • Antisocial Personality Disorder: A personality disorder characterized by disregard for social norms and rights of others.
  • Dissociative Identity Disorder: A dissociative disorder in which identity is fragmented, resulting in the presence of two or more distinct personalities.
  • Schizophrenia: A severe mental disorder that involves disruptions in thinking, feelings, and behavior.

Additional Topics

  • Milgram Obedience Study and Stanford Prison Experiment: Studies examining human obedience and conformity in extreme situations.

  • Motivators of obedience and entrapment: Understanding factors that lead individuals to obey authority.

  • Attribution Theory: Explain how people attribute causes to events and behaviors.

  • Validity Effect: Explains how repeated exposure to a statement increased the likelihood that a person will perceive that statement as true, regardless of actuality.

  • Initiation Rituals: Practices designed to welcome and bind individuals to social groups.

  • Cult Recruitment: Methods and influences to recruitment in cults.

  • Stereotypes: Oversimplified beliefs about groups of people.

  • Origins of Prejudice: Psychological, social, economic, cultural and natural influences of prejudice.

  • HPA Axis: Body's response to stress—Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA axis) releases stress hormones.

  • General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS): Response to stress encompasses alarm, resistance, and exhaustion phases.

  • Problem-Focused and Emotion-Focused Coping: Different ways of dealing with problems.

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Test your knowledge on key concepts from Psych 100 Chapters 9 and 10. This quiz covers topics such as object permanence, egocentrism, conservation, and homeostasis. Perfect for reviewing essential psychological theories and principles related to childhood development and motivation.

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