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Questions and Answers
What is the primary means of transferring ideas from one individual to another?
What is the primary means of transferring ideas from one individual to another?
What is the process of matching the acoustic form to a stored set of spoken words in vocabulary called?
What is the process of matching the acoustic form to a stored set of spoken words in vocabulary called?
What is the storage of spoken words in vocabulary called?
What is the storage of spoken words in vocabulary called?
What is the point at which the acoustic input unambiguously corresponds to only one known word?
What is the point at which the acoustic input unambiguously corresponds to only one known word?
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What is the model that explains how a single word is recognized?
What is the model that explains how a single word is recognized?
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What is one of the linguistic factors that influence word recognition?
What is one of the linguistic factors that influence word recognition?
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What is the ability of a word to evoke a mental image?
What is the ability of a word to evoke a mental image?
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Which of the following animals has been known to learn sign language?
Which of the following animals has been known to learn sign language?
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What is the first stage of producing speech?
What is the first stage of producing speech?
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What is the term for the substitution of one word for another that reflects the speaker’s hidden intentions?
What is the term for the substitution of one word for another that reflects the speaker’s hidden intentions?
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What is the term for the inability to retrieve the correct word even if a person knows conceptually the word that they wish to say?
What is the term for the inability to retrieve the correct word even if a person knows conceptually the word that they wish to say?
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What is the term for word-finding difficulties due to brain damage?
What is the term for word-finding difficulties due to brain damage?
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What is the final stage of speech?
What is the final stage of speech?
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What is the term for the swapping of initial consonants between words?
What is the term for the swapping of initial consonants between words?
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What is the response induced by out of context words in a sentence?
What is the response induced by out of context words in a sentence?
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What is the term for the disorders of language due to brain damage on the left hemisphere?
What is the term for the disorders of language due to brain damage on the left hemisphere?
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What is the name of the patient who had an inability to speak intelligently, only repeating the utterance 'tan, tan, tan...'?
What is the name of the patient who had an inability to speak intelligently, only repeating the utterance 'tan, tan, tan...'?
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What is the area in the brain responsible for language comprehension, according to Wernicke?
What is the area in the brain responsible for language comprehension, according to Wernicke?
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What is the term for the 'loss of grammar' in Broca's aphasia patients?
What is the term for the 'loss of grammar' in Broca's aphasia patients?
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What is the functional sub-division of Broca's area related to syntactic complexity?
What is the functional sub-division of Broca's area related to syntactic complexity?
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What is the response induced by grammatical errors in a sentence?
What is the response induced by grammatical errors in a sentence?
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What is the term for the order and structure of the words within a sentence?
What is the term for the order and structure of the words within a sentence?
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We transfer ideas from one individual to another through vibrations of molecules in the air.
We transfer ideas from one individual to another through vibrations of molecules in the air.
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Language is a solo activity.
Language is a solo activity.
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The Cohort Model explains how a single word is recognized in context.
The Cohort Model explains how a single word is recognized in context.
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Frequency of a word is a linguistic factor that influences recognition.
Frequency of a word is a linguistic factor that influences recognition.
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The uniqueness point is reached when the evidence is consistent with multiple words.
The uniqueness point is reached when the evidence is consistent with multiple words.
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Imageability of a word affects how quickly it is recognized.
Imageability of a word affects how quickly it is recognized.
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Animals do not have language capabilities.
Animals do not have language capabilities.
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The time taken to recognize a word depends on the frequency of the word.
The time taken to recognize a word depends on the frequency of the word.
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Lexicalization is the selection of a word based on the meaning that one wishes to convey.
Lexicalization is the selection of a word based on the meaning that one wishes to convey.
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Malapropisms are speech errors that consist of the substitution of one word for another that reflects the speaker's hidden intentions.
Malapropisms are speech errors that consist of the substitution of one word for another that reflects the speaker's hidden intentions.
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Spoonerisms are a type of speech error in which initial consonants are swapped between words.
Spoonerisms are a type of speech error in which initial consonants are swapped between words.
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Anomia is a speech error that consists of the substitution of one word for another that reflects the speaker's hidden intentions.
Anomia is a speech error that consists of the substitution of one word for another that reflects the speaker's hidden intentions.
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Articulation is the first stage of speech.
Articulation is the first stage of speech.
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Damage to the insula results in dysarthria.
Damage to the insula results in dysarthria.
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The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon is a speech error that consists of a word with a similar phonological form to the intended word.
The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon is a speech error that consists of a word with a similar phonological form to the intended word.
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Proper name anomia is a mild difficulty in retrieving common nouns.
Proper name anomia is a mild difficulty in retrieving common nouns.
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EEG studies show that in a sentence, out of context words induce a P600 response.
EEG studies show that in a sentence, out of context words induce a P600 response.
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Broca's area is located in the temporal lobe.
Broca's area is located in the temporal lobe.
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Wernicke's aphasia patients have trouble with fluent speaking.
Wernicke's aphasia patients have trouble with fluent speaking.
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Broca's aphasia is related to difficulties with comprehension of language.
Broca's aphasia is related to difficulties with comprehension of language.
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Syntax refers to the meaning of words in a sentence.
Syntax refers to the meaning of words in a sentence.
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The posterior division of Broca's area is related to working memory and meaning.
The posterior division of Broca's area is related to working memory and meaning.
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Aphasia is a disorder of language due to brain damage on the right hemisphere.
Aphasia is a disorder of language due to brain damage on the right hemisphere.
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Broca's area can be viewed as a separation site of syntax and semantics.
Broca's area can be viewed as a separation site of syntax and semantics.
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Study Notes
Speech and Language
- We transfer ideas from one individual to another through the vibration of molecules in the air, which involves auditory processing, production, perception, and comprehension of speech, and is a social engagement.
- Language is not unique to humans, as some animals, such as Washoe, Kanzi, and golden seabrights, have been observed to possess some form of language.
Speech Production vs Comprehension
- Speech production involves the production of spoken words, while comprehension involves understanding the meaning of spoken words.
Spoken Word Recognition
- We match the acoustic form of spoken words to a stored set of spoken words in our vocabulary, a process called lexical access.
- The storage of spoken words is called the phonological lexicon.
- The matching process involves competition between similar sounding words.
- The access units are debated, but the consensus is that speech recognition involves competition between similar sounding words.
Cohort Model
- In lexical access, many spoken words are initially considered as candidates, but words get eliminated as more evidence accumulates.
- The uniqueness point is reached when the acoustic input unambiguously corresponds to only one known word.
- Time taken to recognize a word depends on how early or late the uniqueness point occurs.
- Linguistic factors that influence recognition include the frequency of a word and its imageability.
Words in Context
- The cohort model explains how a single word is recognized, but words are normally spoken in the context of a discourse.
- EEG studies show that out-of-context words induce a N400 response, while grammatical errors induce a P600 response.
Aphasia
- Aphasia is a disorder of language due to brain damage in the left hemisphere, causing problems in speech perception, speech production, and writing.
Language Specialization
- Broca's patient Leborgne had an inability to speak intelligently, leading Broca to claim a dedicated language center in the brain, known as Broca's area, located in the frontal lobe.
- Damage to Broca's area causes problems with fluent speech and speech production.
- Wernicke claimed an area in the temporal lobe is also dedicated to language, and damage causes difficulties in comprehending language.
Sentence Comprehension
- Words have meaning (semantics) and syntactic roles (grammatical classes such as nouns and verbs).
- Syntax enables the listener to figure out who is doing what to whom.
- Broca's aphasia is related to agrammatism, and patients have trouble when the meaning of a sentence depends on syntax.
Broca's Area
- Broca's area has two functional sub-divisions: the posterior division (BA44) related to syntactic complexity, and the anterior division (BA45) related to working memory and meaning.
- Syntax and semantics are separable but not completely independent, and Broca's area can be viewed as an integration site.
Retrieval of Spoken Words
- When producing speech, three types of information need to be retrieved: lexicalization, grammatical properties, and the form of the word.
Speech Errors
- Freudian slips: the substitution of one word for another that reflects the speaker's hidden intentions.
- Malapropisms: a speech error that consists of a word with a similar phonological form to the intended word.
- Spoonerisms: a speech error in which initial consonants are swapped between words.
- Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon: the inability to retrieve the correct word even if a person knows conceptually the word that they wish to say.
- Anomia: word-finding difficulties due to brain damage, and proper name anomia: severe difficulties in retrieving proper names.
Articulation
- The final stage of speech, associated with basal ganglia and insula.
- Damage to insula results in apraxia for speech, difficulties in shaping the vocal tract.
- Damage to basal ganglia results in dysarthria, impaired muscular contractions.
Speech and Language
- We transfer ideas from one individual to another through the vibration of molecules in the air, which involves auditory processing, production, perception, and comprehension of speech, and is a social engagement.
- Language is not unique to humans, as some animals, such as Washoe, Kanzi, and golden seabrights, have been observed to possess some form of language.
Speech Production vs Comprehension
- Speech production involves the production of spoken words, while comprehension involves understanding the meaning of spoken words.
Spoken Word Recognition
- We match the acoustic form of spoken words to a stored set of spoken words in our vocabulary, a process called lexical access.
- The storage of spoken words is called the phonological lexicon.
- The matching process involves competition between similar sounding words.
- The access units are debated, but the consensus is that speech recognition involves competition between similar sounding words.
Cohort Model
- In lexical access, many spoken words are initially considered as candidates, but words get eliminated as more evidence accumulates.
- The uniqueness point is reached when the acoustic input unambiguously corresponds to only one known word.
- Time taken to recognize a word depends on how early or late the uniqueness point occurs.
- Linguistic factors that influence recognition include the frequency of a word and its imageability.
Words in Context
- The cohort model explains how a single word is recognized, but words are normally spoken in the context of a discourse.
- EEG studies show that out-of-context words induce a N400 response, while grammatical errors induce a P600 response.
Aphasia
- Aphasia is a disorder of language due to brain damage in the left hemisphere, causing problems in speech perception, speech production, and writing.
Language Specialization
- Broca's patient Leborgne had an inability to speak intelligently, leading Broca to claim a dedicated language center in the brain, known as Broca's area, located in the frontal lobe.
- Damage to Broca's area causes problems with fluent speech and speech production.
- Wernicke claimed an area in the temporal lobe is also dedicated to language, and damage causes difficulties in comprehending language.
Sentence Comprehension
- Words have meaning (semantics) and syntactic roles (grammatical classes such as nouns and verbs).
- Syntax enables the listener to figure out who is doing what to whom.
- Broca's aphasia is related to agrammatism, and patients have trouble when the meaning of a sentence depends on syntax.
Broca's Area
- Broca's area has two functional sub-divisions: the posterior division (BA44) related to syntactic complexity, and the anterior division (BA45) related to working memory and meaning.
- Syntax and semantics are separable but not completely independent, and Broca's area can be viewed as an integration site.
Retrieval of Spoken Words
- When producing speech, three types of information need to be retrieved: lexicalization, grammatical properties, and the form of the word.
Speech Errors
- Freudian slips: the substitution of one word for another that reflects the speaker's hidden intentions.
- Malapropisms: a speech error that consists of a word with a similar phonological form to the intended word.
- Spoonerisms: a speech error in which initial consonants are swapped between words.
- Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon: the inability to retrieve the correct word even if a person knows conceptually the word that they wish to say.
- Anomia: word-finding difficulties due to brain damage, and proper name anomia: severe difficulties in retrieving proper names.
Articulation
- The final stage of speech, associated with basal ganglia and insula.
- Damage to insula results in apraxia for speech, difficulties in shaping the vocal tract.
- Damage to basal ganglia results in dysarthria, impaired muscular contractions.
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Description
Explore the cognitive neuroscience of speech and language, including auditory processing, production, and comprehension, and the social aspects of language.
