PSYC 1130 Final Exam Review
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Define each of the major theoretical approaches. Compare and contrast: How are they the same? How are they different?

The major theoretical approaches in psychology are psychoanalytic, neo-psychoanalytic, humanistic, cognitive, behavioural, genetics, and lifespan. While each approach offers a unique perspective on human behavior, they share commonalities such as emphasizing internal and external factors, focusing on individual differences, and seeking to understand the development of the human psyche.

The psychoanalytic approach, pioneered by Sigmund Freud, emphasizes the unconscious mind, early childhood experiences, and the impact of unresolved conflicts on personality and mental health. In contrast, the neo-psychoanalytic approach builds upon Freud's work while focusing on social and cultural influences, interpersonal relationships, and the role of ego functions in adaptation. It also emphasizes the importance of the conscious mind and the potential for growth and change throughout the lifespan.

The humanistic approach, championed by Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow, emphasizes the innate goodness of human beings, their potential for growth, and their capacity for self-actualization. This approach focuses on the individual's subjective experiences, free will, and personal meaning. The humanistic approach is distinct from the psychoanalytic approach in its rejection of deterministic views, suggesting that individuals are primarily responsible for their own choices and actions.

The cognitive approach emphasizes how people's thoughts, perceptions, and interpretations of events shape their emotions and behaviors. It contrasts with the behavioral approach by emphasizing the internal processes of information processing, memory, and attention. This approach has been particularly influential in understanding and treating mental health conditions such as anxiety, depression, and phobias.

The behavioral approach, founded by B.F. Skinner, focuses on observable behaviors and how they are learned through environmental reinforcement and punishment. This approach emphasizes the importance of environmental conditions and the role of learning in shaping behavior. It contrasts with the cognitive approach by emphasizing the external forces that shape behavior, rather than internal mental processes.

The genetics approach seeks to understand the role of heredity in influencing personality traits, behaviors, and psychological disorders. This approach is often used to study the influence of genes on individual differences, including personality traits, cognitive abilities, and susceptibility to mental illness. It contrasts with the environmental approaches by emphasizing the importance of biological factors.

Finally, the lifespan approach emphasizes the ongoing processes of development throughout the lifespan. It recognizes that development is not limited to childhood and adolescence, but continues throughout life with complex interactions between biological, psychological, and social factors. It contrasts with other approaches by focusing on the dynamic nature of development across the lifespan.

In Skinner's Reinforcement theory, what do the following terms mean: reinforcement, extinction, operant behaviour, operant conditioning, positive vs. negative, stimulus?

In Skinner's Reinforcement Theory, these terms have the following significances:

  • Reinforcement: Reinforcement refers to any consequence that increases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated. It can be positive or negative.
  • Extinction: Extinction happens when a previously reinforced behavior no longer receives reinforcement, leading to a gradual decrease in the frequency of that behavior.
  • Operant behavior: This refers to any voluntary behavior that is influenced by its consequences.
  • Operant conditioning: This is the learning process through which behaviors are modified by their consequences. It involves shaping behaviors by associating them with certain rewards or punishments.
  • Positive: Positive reinforcement involves adding a desirable consequence to increase the likelihood of a behavior.
  • Negative: Negative reinforcement involves removing an undesirable consequence to increase the likelihood of a behavior.
  • Stimulus: A stimulus is any event or object that elicits a response in an organism. It can act as a signal for reinforcement or punishment.

Flashcards

Reinforcement

Any consequence that increases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.

Extinction

The gradual decrease in the frequency of a behavior when reinforcement is withheld.

Operant Behavior

Voluntary behavior that is influenced by its consequences.

Operant Conditioning

Learning process where behaviors are strengthened or weakened by consequences.

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Positive Reinforcement

Adding something pleasant to increase the likelihood of a behavior recurring.

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Negative Reinforcement

Removing something unpleasant to increase the likelihood of a behavior recurring.

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Punishment

Adding something unpleasant or removing something pleasant to decrease the likelihood of a behavior recurring.

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Omission

Removing something pleasant to decrease the likelihood of a behavior recurring.

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Fixed-Ratio Schedule

Reinforcement is delivered after a fixed number of responses.

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Variable-Ratio Schedule

Reinforcement is delivered after a variable number of responses.

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Fixed-Interval Schedule

Reinforcement is delivered after a fixed amount of time has elapsed.

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Variable-Interval Schedule

Reinforcement is delivered after a variable amount of time has elapsed.

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Token Economy

A system where desired behaviors are rewarded with tokens that can be exchanged for privileges or prizes.

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Automatic Thoughts

Thoughts that occur spontaneously and often without conscious effort.

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Controlled Thoughts

Thoughts that are consciously chosen and often involve more deliberation.

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Schemas

Organized patterns of thought and behavior that influence how we interpret and respond to the world.

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Cognitive Distortions

Irrational or inaccurate thinking patterns that contribute to negative emotions and behaviors.

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Cognitive Triad

Beck's theory that negative thoughts about oneself, the world, and the future contribute to depression.

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Sociotropic Dimension

A personality tendency characterized by a strong focus on social relationships and approval.

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Autonomous Dimension

A personality tendency characterized by a strong focus on independence and self-reliance.

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Organismic Valuing Process

Rogers' concept that individuals have an innate capacity to know what is best for them.

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Congruence

A state in which a person's self-concept is aligned with their actual experiences and feelings.

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Incongruence

A state in which there is a discrepancy between a person's self-concept and their actual experiences and feelings.

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Conditional Positive Regard

Love and acceptance that is dependent on meeting certain conditions or expectations.

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Unconditional Positive Regard

Love and acceptance that is given freely and without any conditions.

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Fully Functioning Person

Rogers' ideal of a person who is self-actualizing and living authentically.

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Trait Theorist

A psychologist who focuses on identifying and describing the fundamental traits that make up personality.

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Factor Analysis

A statistical technique used to identify underlying dimensions or factors that account for the relationships among a set of variables.

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Big Five Personality Traits

A widely accepted model that identifies five basic dimensions of personality: Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism.

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Locus of Control

A belief about whether outcomes are determined by internal factors (e.g., effort) or external factors (e.g., luck).

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Learned Helplessness

A condition in which individuals learn to expect negative outcomes and become passive in the face of adversity.

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Sensation Seeking

A personality trait that reflects a need for varied, novel, complex, and intense sensations and experiences.

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Explanatory Style

A person's habitual way of explaining events, which can be optimistic or pessimistic.

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Positive Psychology

A branch of psychology that focuses on understanding positive emotions, character strengths, and optimal human functioning.

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Epigenetic principle

Erikson's idea that personality development unfolds in a predetermined sequence of stages.

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Psychosocial Crisis

A turning point in personality development where individuals confront a particular challenge.

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Maladaptive

A negative or unhealthy outcome in Erikson's stages due to unsuccessful resolution of the crisis.

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Adaptive

A positive or healthy outcome in Erikson's stages due to successful resolution of the crisis.

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Study Notes

Exam Topics

  • PSYC 1130 Psychology for Social Service Workers Final Exam
  • Exam is 20% of final grade
  • Exam questions may include true/false, multiple choice, multiple select, and matching/ordering.

Modules Covered

  • Module 7: Reinforcement Theory (BF Skinner)
  • Module 8: Cognitive Theory (Aaron Beck)
  • Module 9: Self-Actualization Theory (Carl Rogers)
  • Module 10: Five Factor Theory (McCrae & Costa)
  • Module 11: Mini Theories (Julian Rotter, Marvin Zuckerman, Martin Seligman)
  • Module 12: Identity Theory (Erik Erikson)

Theoretical Approaches

  • Psychoanalytic Approach
  • Neo-psychoanalytic Approach
  • Humanistic Approach
  • Cognitive Approach
  • Behavioral Approach
  • Genetic Approach
  • Lifespan Approach

Human Nature

  • Free will vs. determinism
  • Nature vs. nurture
  • Past vs. present
  • Uniqueness vs. universality
  • Growth vs. satisfaction
  • Optimism vs. pessimism

Additional Study Points (Checklist)

  • Theoretical Approaches: Define, compare, and contrast major approaches
  • Theorists: Analyze how major theorists (Freud, Horney, Adler, Rogers, Beck, Skinner, Erikson) answer questions about human nature
  • Reinforcement Theory (Skinner): Define reinforcement, extinction, operant behavior, operant conditioning, positive vs. negative reinforcement, omission, punishment, schedules of reinforcement, and applications (token economy).
  • Cognitive Therapy (Beck): Describe schemas, core beliefs, automatic vs. controlled thoughts, cognitive distortions, and the cognitive triad.
  • Roger's Self and Actualization: Discuss congruence vs. incongruence, conditional vs. unconditional positive regard, and the fully functioning person.
  • Roger's Assessment and Research: Explore Roger's defense mechanisms and assessment concepts.
  • Trait Approach: Understand factor analysis, the categorization of traits, and Costa and McCrae's Big Five (examine research results)
  • Locus of Control (Rotter) and Learned Helplessness (Seligman): Compare and contrast the concepts of locus of control and learned helplessness, and their connection to depression.
  • Sensation Seeking: List the components and characteristics of sensation seeking.
  • Positive Psychology (Seligman): Understand Seligman's Explanatory Style and his contributions to the field of positive psychology.
  • Psychosocial Stages (Erikson): Define and examine Erikson's eight stages of development, including epigenetic, crisis, maladaptive, adaptive, maldevelopment, and malignant terminology.

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Description

Prepare for the PSYC 1130 Psychology for Social Service Workers final exam with a comprehensive review of key theories and concepts. This quiz covers significant modules including reinforcement theory, cognitive theory, and identity theory. Test your understanding of theoretical approaches, human nature, and critical comparisons among major psychological theories.

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