Psychology Final Exam: Motivation and Need Theories
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Questions and Answers

Which type of communication occurs between departments and is useful for coordinating?

  • Upward Communication
  • Downward Communication
  • Lateral Communication
  • Horizontal Communication (correct)

    • What is the MUM Effect related to in communication?

  • Avoiding communicating unfavourable news (correct)
  • Filtering of information
  • High-context cultures
  • The sender's role in communication

    • In high-context cultures, what is as if not more important than the message itself?

  • The emotional state of the receiver
  • The noise in the communication channel
  • The receiver's interpretation
  • The social context (correct)

    • What does the sender do in the process of communication?

    <p>Encodes the message</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which skill is involved in interpreting the emotional state and cognitive ability of the sender?

    <p>Listening Skills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to effective communication according to the text?

    <p>Free flow of information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Employee Voice related to in effective communication?

    <p>Constructive expression of disagreement or concern</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is downward communication characterized by?

    <p>Flows from top to bottom of the organization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do Idea-generation Tasks involve?

    <p>Creative tasks such as brainstorming</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Task Interdependence refer to?

    <p>The degree of dependence on team members</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Pooled Interdependence characterized by?

    <p>Working independently and combining efforts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of creating a top-notch research paper, what does Reciprocal Interdependence involve?

    <p>Working together on each phase of the research paper</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Outcome Interdependence imply?

    <p>Receiving rewards based on others' performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a criticism of the Stage Model of Development according to the text?

    <p>Limited empirical support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do Production Tasks involve according to the text?

    <p>Actually making something like a building or product</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the IPO framework, what does 'IPO' stand for?

    <p><em>Idea-Production-Output</em></p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Sequential Interdependence' is best described by:

    <p><em>One person's output becomes another person's input</em></p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of 'Problem-solving Tasks' according to the text?

    <p>Making decisions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?

    <p>Self-actualization needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between ERG Theory and Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?

    <p>ERG Theory recognizes that individuals may regress when frustrated in fulfilling higher-level needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern of Two-Factor Theory?

    <p>Identifying individual's job satisfaction and dissatisfaction factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of environmental factors in motivational theory?

    <p>They are essential for determining an individual's level of performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory includes categories such as existence, relatedness, and growth?

    <p>ERG Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes ERG Theory from Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?

    <p>Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs recognizes the frustration-regression process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does Two-Factor Theory classify as a hygiene factor?

    <p>Working conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Ability refer to in the context of motivation?

    <p>The power or skill to do something</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Intelligence is not considered as an important factor in effective leadership.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Task-oriented leader behaviors include showing concern for employee feelings and treating employees with respect.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the democratic decision-making style, employees participate in the making of the decision.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Laissez-faire decision-making involves the leader providing maximum guidance and involvement in the decision.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fiedler's Contingency Theory states that there is one best style of leadership.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Situational Leadership Theory considers employee readiness as the key factor determining the proper leadership style.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Authoritarian decision-making involves involving employees in the decision-making process.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    People-oriented leaders are most effective when situational favorableness is extreme.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    High Power Distance Cultures prefer a sense of equality amongst all members.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Amygdala is responsible for stimulating fear responses.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) consists of the body's adaptive response to stress in two phases—alarm and resistance.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Alarm Phase of the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS), the body activates a 'rest and digest' mode.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Resistance Phase in the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) involves the body depleting its stores of sugars and fats.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Exhaustion Phase in the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) causes the stressor to significantly strengthen the individual.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Stress refers to the body's reaction to a change that requires physical, mental, or emotional adjustment.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Democratic decision-making is an organizational antecedent of political behavior.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Transformational Leadership emphasizes treating followers as a collective group rather than as individuals.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Job Specialization according to Fredrick Taylor involves giving workers a wide variety of tasks to perform.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Job Rotation refers to moving employees from job to job at irregular intervals.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Job Enlargement involves decreasing the number of tasks performed by employees in order to increase efficiency.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Job Enrichment gives workers more tasks to perform but less control over how to perform them.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Potential Problems with Job Enrichment do not include supervisory resistance.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Job Characteristics Model, developed by Hackman and Oldman, is not considered as a significant attempt to design jobs with increased motivational properties.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Core Job Characteristics according to the Job Characteristics Model include Skill Variety and Task Identity.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Using Time-motion Studies, management could determine how much time each task would require and plan the tasks so that the job could be performed as inefficiently as possible.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Job Enlargement involves decreasing the number of tasks performed by employees in order to add more variety.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the MUM Effect related to in communication?

    <p>The tendency to avoid communicating unfavorable news to others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the sender do in the process of communication?

    <p>Encodes message, translating the idea into words</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the IPO framework, what does 'IPO' stand for?

    <p>Input, Process, Output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is downward communication characterized by?

    <p>Flows from the top of the organization to the bottom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to effective communication according to the text?

    <p>Free flow of information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of communication occurs between departments and is useful for coordinating?

    <p>Horizontal Communication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern of Two-Factor Theory?

    <p>Employee motivation and job satisfaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which skill is involved in interpreting the emotional state and cognitive ability of the sender?

    <p>Listening Skills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the concept of positive reinforcement in the context of behavior management.

    <p>Positive behavior followed by positive consequences (Manager praises the employee).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of Valence in Vroom's Expectancy Theory?

    <p>Value of outcomes. Example: Do I feel that this 2% pay raise is desirable?</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Self-compassion manifest according to the text?

    <p>It is directed inward and consists of self-kindness, common humanity, and mindfulness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the concept of Extinction in behavior management.

    <p>Negative behavior followed by removal of positive consequences (Manager ignores the behavior).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basis of Reinforcement Theory and who are its key contributors?

    <p>Based on behavioral conditioning by Ivan Pavlov and B.F. Skinner's work on operant conditioning. Behavior is a function of its outcomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the concept of Negative Reinforcement and provide an example.

    <p>Positive behavior followed by removal of negative consequences (Manager stops nagging the employee).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the managerial implication of Reinforcement Theory in relation to employee performance?

    <p>Ensuring rewards are desirable to employees, and giving employees choice over rewards.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the concept of Fixed-ratio Schedules in the context of reward systems.

    <p>Providing rewards to every nth time the right behavior is demonstrated. Example: Giving the employee a bonus for every tenth sale he makes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of interdependence involves team members working independently and combining their efforts to create the team's output?

    <p>Pooled Interdependence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If one person's output becomes another person's input, what type of interdependence is the team experiencing?

    <p>Sequential Interdependence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the rewards that an individual receives depending on the performance of others?

    <p>Outcome Interdependence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of creating a top-notch research paper, what does Reciprocal Interdependence involve?

    <p>Working together on each phase of the research paper</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?

    <p>Human motivation and developmental psychology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Task Interdependence refer to?

    <p>The degree that team members are dependent on one another to be effective</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern of the Stage Model of Development according to the text?

    <p>Overemphasis on Conflict</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the IPO framework?

    <p>Input-Process-Output framework</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are Idea-generation Tasks concerned with?

    <p>Creative tasks such as brainstorming and creating new processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of Problem-solving Tasks according to the text?

    <p>Coming up with plans for actions and making decisions</p> Signup and view all the answers

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