PSIO441 Unit 2 Study Guide: Chapters 13-14
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What does Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) refer to in lung mechanics?

  • The difference between inspiratory capacity and tidal volume
  • The total volume of air that can be inhaled after a normal expiration
  • The amount of air remaining in the lungs after a full expiration (correct)
  • The volume of air in the lungs at the end of inspiration

    • In terms of lung compliance and elasticity, which statement accurately describes their roles?

  • High elasticity correlates with high compliance, allowing for easier lung expansion
  • Compliance increases with a decrease in elastic recoil, facilitating easier breathing (correct)
  • Lung elasticity hinders compliance, making it harder to draw in air
  • Elasticity is responsible for lung expansion, while compliance aids in recoil

    • What does the transpulmonary pressure gradient indicate in the respiratory system?

  • The total pressure exerted by the lungs on the thoracic wall
  • The pressure difference between the alveoli and pleural space (correct)
  • The pressure required for forced expiration
  • The difference in pressure between atmospheric and intrapulmonary pressure

    • How do dynamic and static lung mechanics differ in measurement?

    <p>Dynamic mechanics measure airflow during breathing, while static focuses on lung volume at rest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physiological changes occur during forced expiration?

    <p>Engagement of abdominal muscles and internal intercostals for pressure increase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) primarily represent in the respiratory system?

    <p>The volume of air that remains in the lungs after passive expiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately distinguishes Inspiratory Capacity (IC) from other lung volumes?

    <p>It includes both the tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of lung mechanics, how does compliance differ from elasticity?

    <p>Compliance refers to the ability to expand, while elasticity relates to the lungs' ability to recoil.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the transpulmonary pressure gradient essential for in the lungs?

    <p>Allowing for passive lung expansion and contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dynamic lung mechanics can best be characterized by which of the following?

    <p>The interaction between airflow patterns and alveolar pressures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor primarily influences the Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) in healthy lungs?

    <p>The elasticity of lung tissue and thoracic wall compliance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the intrapleural pressure (IPP) play in the respiratory mechanics?

    <p>It ensures optimal expansion of the lungs during inspiration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which condition would lung compliance be most likely to decrease?

    <p>Age-related degeneration of elastic fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What force do the muscles of the chest wall primarily overcome during inspiration?

    <p>Elastic recoil of the pulmonary system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when there is a deficiency in pulmonary surfactant?

    <p>Increased surface tension in the alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In patients with Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS), which underlying issue is commonly present?

    <p>Airway gastric aspirations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the lungs at functional residual capacity (FRC)?

    <p>Muscles are relaxed with a tendency to collapse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes lung compliance?

    <p>It indicates the ability of lungs to expand with pressure changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which forces must be overcome during the active process of inspiration?

    <p>Inertia associated with flowing air and moving tissues, tissue, and flow resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does pulmonary surfactant affect alveoli during respiration?

    <p>It prevents collapse of alveoli by reducing surface tension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between transpulmonary pressure and lung volume during inspiration?

    <p>Transpulmonary pressure increases, leading to lung volume expansion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the difference between dynamic and static lung mechanics?

    <p>Static mechanics evaluate lung function at rest or non-airflow conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)?

    <p>FRC is the amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced exhalation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Inspiratory Capacity (IC) relate to lung volumes?

    <p>IC is the maximum volume of air that can be inspired after a normal expiration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between lung compliance and lung elasticity?

    <p>Compliance refers to lung expansion while elasticity refers to lung recoil.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the transpulmonary pressure gradient indicate?

    <p>The pressure difference between the alveolar space and the pleural pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of dynamic lung mechanics, which factor most significantly affects airflow?

    <p>Resistance in the airways and the compliance of lung tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is most likely to reduce lung compliance?

    <p>Pulmonary fibrosis due to thickening of lung tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do dynamic lung mechanics vary from static lung mechanics?

    <p>Static measurements reflect how the lungs operate under normal resting conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a primary function of the mucociliary escalator?

    <p>To transport mucus and trapped particles out of the respiratory system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the importance of the high surface area in alveoli?

    <p>It facilitates increased gas exchange between alveoli and pulmonary capillaries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In patients with reduced lung elasticity, which of the following is most likely to occur?

    <p>Reduced efficiency of gas exchange in the alveoli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs at the Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)?

    <p>The outward recoil of the chest wall is counterbalanced by the inward recoil of the lungs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated when the transpulmonary pressure gradient is negative?

    <p>The lungs are in a state of collapse.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is lung compliance defined?

    <p>The effort required to stretch or distend the lungs during inspiration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of surfactant in the context of lung mechanics?

    <p>To reduce the surface tension in alveoli, preventing collapse.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does air leave the lungs in relation to atmospheric pressure?

    <p>When the intra-alveolar pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What relationship does high compliance have with lung function?

    <p>It reflects a low effort required for lung inflation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when the lung tissue exhibits low elasticity?

    <p>The lungs are difficult to deflate after inflation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor primarily influences the development of a negative intrapleural pressure (IPP)?

    <p>The outward recoil of the chest wall.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In static lung mechanics, what is the primary consideration?

    <p>The volumes and pressures measured without airflow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the elastic recoil of the lung tissue play in breathing?

    <p>It drives the movement of air out during expiration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    PSIO441 - Unit 2 Study Guide

    • Exam covers chapters 13 and 14.
    • Use PowerPoint slides, notes, textbook, and online resources for study.
    • Study guide is a comprehensive review, but not all topics will be on the exam.
    • Exam: 50 multiple choice, true/false, and sequential order questions.
    • 23 questions about respiratory, 27 questions about renal.
    • Review sessions are available on Sunday night, 5-6 PM, in lecture hall.

    Chapter 13 - Respiratory

    • Respiration: Sum of processes accomplishing passive O2 movement from atmosphere to tissues and passive CO2 movement from tissues to atmosphere. This supports cell metabolism.

    • Cellular Respiration: Intracellular processes in mitochondria using O2 and producing CO2 to release energy from nutrients.

    • External Respiration: Complete sequence of O2 and CO2 exchange between environment and cells.

    • Relationship between PO2 and Hb Saturation: Direct proportional relationship

      • As PO2 increases, Hb saturation increases.

    • Four steps of external respiration:

    • 1. Ventilation: Movement of air into and out of lungs.

    • 2. Diffusion: O2 and CO2 exchange between air in alveoli and blood in pulmonary capillaries.

    • 3. Blood Transport: O2 and CO2 movement between lungs and tissues.

    • 4. Diffusion: O2 and CO2 exchange between tissues and blood in systemic capillaries.

    • Lung vs. Airways: Understand the difference between lung tissues and the airways.

      • Lungs: Occupy the thoracic cavity, have lobes and segmented structures, composed of airways, alveoli, blood vessels, elastic connective tissue, outer chest wall (ribs, muscles).

    • Lung Anatomy: Conducting Zone vs. Respiratory Zone

    • Conducting Zone: End of the airways, no gas exchange, composed of trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles.

    • Respiratory Zone: Gas exchange occurs, includes respiratory bronchioles and alveolar sacs.

    • Alveoli: Air sacs for gas exchange. Surrounded by capillaries. Type 1 cells form walls, and Type 2 cells secrete surfactant.

    Additional Notes

    • High surface area for capillary exchange: Increased diffusion capacity.
    • Mucociliary Escalator: Mucus movement in conductive zone to push out foreign material.
    • Alveoli and Capillaries: Capillaries surrounding alveoli facilitate gas exchange; close proximity is crucial.
    • Pleural Space: Between visceral pleura (lining lungs) and parietal pleura (lining chest wall). Contains pleural fluid.
    • Ventilation Pressures: Atmospheric, intra-alveolar, and intrapleural pressures influence ventilation.
    • Spirometry: Tracing and lung volumes/capacities (TV, IRV, ERV, RV, VC, TLC, FRC, IC).
    • Static Respiratory Mechanics: Forces influencing lung inflation/deflation (lung recoil, chest wall recoil, and surface tension).
    • Dynamic Respiratory Mechanics: Forces in inspiration and expiration (elastic recoil, friction, inertia).
    • Compliance: Effort needed to stretch or distend the lungs.
    • Elasticity: Tendency of the lungs to return to their initial volume after stretching.
    • Surfactant: Decrease surface tension to prevent alveolar collapse.
    • Abnormal Breathing Patterns: Hyperventilation (increased CO2 removal) vs. Hypoventilation (decreased CO2 removal).
    • Alveolar Ventilation: Process of exchanging O2 and CO2 between alveoli and environment (involves gradients).
    • Oxygen-Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve: Relationship between Po2 and Hb saturation changes with pH, temperature, pCO2, and 2,3 BPG. A rightward shift indicates reduced Hb affinity for O2; left shift indicates enhanced affinity.

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