PSIO441 Unit 2 Study Guide: Chapters 13 & 14
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PSIO441 Unit 2 Study Guide: Chapters 13 & 14

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best describes the role of the diaphragm during inspiration?

  • It relaxes and decreases intrapulmonary pressure.
  • It contracts and flattens, increasing thoracic volume. (correct)
  • It becomes dome-shaped, promoting expiration.
  • It does not influence respiratory mechanics.

    • What physiological changes occur during resting expiration?

  • Elastic recoil is diminished, leading to prolonged breath retention.
  • Volume of the chest cavity increases, causing decreased intrapulmonary pressure.
  • Diaphragm and chest wall muscles relax, causing volume to decrease. (correct)
  • Intrapulmonary pressure falls below atmospheric pressure, allowing air to enter.

    • Which of the following correctly characterizes forced expiration?

  • It is less effective in individuals with emphysema.
  • It primarily relies on the diaphragm alone.
  • It occurs only during normal quiet breathing.
  • It utilizes the internal intercostals and abdominal wall muscles. (correct)

    • What effect does parasympathetic stimulation have on the airways?

    <p>It leads to bronchoconstriction, increasing resistance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about sympathetic stimulation in the airways is accurate?

    <p>It promotes bronchodilation and increased airflow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of peripheral chemoreceptors in the body?

    <p>To detect changes in arterial CO2 levels and pH.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes how peripheral chemoreceptors respond to low PaO2 levels?

    <p>They increase firing as PaO2 falls below 80 mmHg.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary physiological adjustment that occurs during acclimatization at high altitude?

    <p>Increase in hematocrit due to increased EPO.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hypoxia is associated with a reduced concentration of hemoglobin?

    <p>Anemic hypoxia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the case of carbon monoxide poisoning, which of the following correctly describes the effect on hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen?

    <p>It increases hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen by 200 times.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the P50 value in response to carbon monoxide exposure?

    <p>It shifts to the left.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initial response occurs in the body at high altitudes where PaO2 drops below 60 mmHg?

    <p>Hyperventilation due to peripheral chemoreceptor stimulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic change observed in individuals with polycythemia?

    <p>An increase in the number of red blood cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary stimulus for central chemoreceptors in regulating ventilation?

    <p>Carbon dioxide levels in cerebrospinal fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the adaptation of central chemoreceptors?

    <p>They adapt to sustained hypercapnia within 12-24 hours.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are peripheral chemoreceptors located and what do they primarily sense?

    <p>In the aorta and carotid arteries, responding to oxygen levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of the Haldane effect on gas transport?

    <p>It enhances the release of oxygen in deoxygenated blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the Bohr effect influence oxygen delivery to tissues?

    <p>It causes hemoglobin to release more oxygen in low pH environments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as bicarbonate?

    <p>90%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do peripheral chemoreceptors play when oxygen levels are critically low?

    <p>They increase ventilation to enhance oxygen intake.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the immediate response of the body to increased carbon dioxide concentrations?

    <p>Increase in respiratory rate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What results from carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning in relation to oxygen transport?

    <p>Inhibition of hemoglobin's ability to carry oxygen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of central chemoreceptors in relation to respiration?

    <p>They regulate breathing rate based on blood carbon dioxide levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do peripheral chemoreceptors respond to hypoxia?

    <p>They stimulate respiration by detecting low oxygen levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological changes occur during acclimatization at high altitude?

    <p>Increased red blood cell production and enhanced oxygen delivery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hypoxia is characterized by inadequate oxygen delivery to tissues despite normal levels of oxygen in the arterial blood?

    <p>Stagnant hypoxia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential effect of carbon monoxide poisoning on the body?

    <p>Reduced oxygen transport due to displacement of oxygen from hemoglobin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What change in blood pH would result from hypoventilation?

    <p>Decreased blood pH levels indicating acidosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the body respond to high carbon dioxide levels resulting from poor alveolar ventilation?

    <p>Increased respiratory drive to eliminate CO2.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected partial pressure of oxygen (PAO2) in the alveoli under normal conditions?

    <p>$100 mmHg$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors does NOT affect the process of gas exchange in the lungs?

    <p>Length of the trachea.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does increased lung tissue frictional resistance have on ventilation?

    <p>Increases the work of breathing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the role of central chemoreceptors in regulating ventilation?

    <p>They detect changes in CO2 concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of peripheral chemoreceptors in respiratory physiology?

    <p>To sense changes in arterial partial pressures of oxygen (PaO2).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the body physiologically respond to acclimatization at high altitudes?

    <p>Increased respiratory rate helps compensate for low oxygen availability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hypoxia is characterized by insufficient oxygen delivery to tissues despite normal blood flow?

    <p>Histotoxic hypoxia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning have on hemoglobin?

    <p>It binds to hemoglobin and prevents oxygen from being transported.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of a right shift in the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve?

    <p>It enhances oxygen release from hemoglobin to tissues during increased metabolic activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During hypoventilation, what primary change occurs in arterial blood gases?

    <p>PaCO2 increases beyond normal levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physiological change indicates the presence of stagnant hypoxia?

    <p>Decreased oxygen delivery due to impaired blood circulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a decrease in arterial blood hemoglobin saturation indicate when considering lung functionality?

    <p>Potential lung dysfunction or impaired gas exchange.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by the P50 value in the context of hemoglobin saturation with oxygen?

    <p>The partial pressure required for 50% saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    PSIO441 – Unit 2 Study Guide

    • Exam covers chapters 13 and 14, using PowerPoint slides and notes.
    • Online resources and textbooks are supplemental.
    • Study guide is a comprehensive review, but not exhaustive for the exam.
    • Exam consists of 50 multiple choice, true/false, and sequential-order questions.
    • 23 questions focus on respiratory, 27 on renal.
    • Review session: Sunday 5-6 PM, in lecture hall. (Hosted by physiology graduate students)

    Chapter 13 – Respiratory

    • Respiration is the sum of processes for O₂ intake and CO₂ release supporting cell metabolism.

      • Cellular Respiration occurs intracellularly in mitochondria, using O₂ and producing CO₂.
      • External Respiration encompasses the O₂/CO₂ exchange sequence between the environment and tissue cells.

    • PO₂ and Hb Saturation have a direct relationship; as PO₂ increases, Hb saturation increases.

    • Four Steps in External Respiration are:

      1. Ventilation: Air movement in and out of the lungs.
      2. Diffusion: O₂ and CO₂ exchange between air and blood in the lungs.
      3. Blood Transport: O₂ and CO₂ movement between lungs and body tissues.
      4. Diffusion: O₂ and CO₂ exchange between blood and tissues.

    • Lung Tissue vs. Airways:

      • Lungs are within the thoracic cavity.
      • Divided into lobes, segments, airways, alveoli, and pulmonary vessels.

    • Lung Anatomy: The conducting zone transports air without gas exchange; the respiratory zone facilitates gas exchange.

    • Conducting zone: trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, no gas exchange.

    • Respiratory Zone : respiratory bronchioles to alveoli, for gas exchange.

    Additional Concepts

    • High surface area for capillary exchange is more efficient for gas exchange.

    • Alveoli are structures for gas exchange, with Type 1 and Type 2 alveolar cells.

    • Airways are the conduits (tubes) leading air to the alveoli.

    • Pulmonary surfactant: reduces surface tension of alveoli and prevents collapse.

    • Lung Compliance: the ease with which the lungs expand.

    • Lung Elasticity: allows to return to original shape during expiration.

    • Ventilation: involves contraction and relaxation of respiratory muscles to move air in and out of the lungs.

    • Pressure Gradients drive gas exchange.

    • Respiratory Muscles: include the diaphragm and intercostal muscles.

    • Static Mechanics: relate to forces opposing lung expansion, such as recoil.

    • Dynamic Forces (inspiration): overcome elasticity, friction, and inertia of air and tissue.

    • Alveolar Ventilation: exchange and removal of O₂ and CO₂ in the lungs.

    • Gas partial pressures drive gas movement in the lungs.

    • Hypoxia: Low blood oxygen: -Hypoxic hypoxia: low blood oxygen levels. -Anemic hypoxia: reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of blood (e.g., anemia). -Ischemic hypoxia: reduced blood flow. -Histotoxic hypoxia: inability of tissue cells to use oxygen.

    • Bohr Effect: How pH and CO₂ affect oxygen binding to hemoglobin. A right shift results in an increased ability to release oxygen in the tissues-more CO₂(more acidic).

    • Haldane Effect: Deoxygenated blood can carry more CO₂ than oxygenated blood.

    • Chemical Control of respiration includes central and peripheral chemoreceptors that detect CO₂, O₂, and H+.

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    Prepare for your PSIO441 exam with this comprehensive study guide covering key concepts from Chapters 13 and 14. Focus on breathing processes, gas exchange, and renal functions, using PowerPoint slides and lecture notes to reinforce your understanding. Don't miss the review session for additional support!

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