PSH Exam Mock - Child Development Overview

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of the Cognitive Developmental perspective?

The role of reinforcement and punishment in learning

The importance of cultural context in development

The influence of environment on behavior

How children think and how that thinking evolves (correct)

Which of the following is associated with Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Theory?

The effects of operant conditioning

The interaction of different environmental systems (correct)

The stages of cognitive development

Imitation and modeling in learning

What aspect does Vygotsky's Social Cultural Theory emphasize in child development?

The transmission of culture from adults to children (correct)

Children learn primarily through classical conditioning

The gradual cognitive changes during childhood

The importance of independent exploration by children

Which statement best describes the concept of gross motor skills?

Skills responsible for the coordinated movement of large muscle groups Signup and view all the answers

Who among the following is known for developing the Theory of Cognitive Development?

Jean Piaget Signup and view all the answers

What is the legal definition of a child?

A person under the age of 18 Signup and view all the answers

Which developmental stage occurs between ages 2 to 6?

Early childhood Signup and view all the answers

In the nature vs. nurture debate, which aspect does 'nurture' primarily refer to?

Environmental factors Signup and view all the answers

According to the continuity vs. discontinuity perspective, what does 'continuous development' imply?

Development is a gradual and smooth process Signup and view all the answers

Which perspective emphasizes the role of biological factors in development?

Biological perspective Signup and view all the answers

What primary components does Sigmund Freud's psychosexual theory propose?

Id, Ego, Super Ego Signup and view all the answers

Erikson's Psychosocial Theory primarily highlights which aspects of conflict?

Psychological and social aspects Signup and view all the answers

Cultural context in development refers to which of the following?

Beliefs and norms of a specific group Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes parents who use an authoritative style?

High acceptance and balanced control Signup and view all the answers

Which parenting style is associated with children showing high rates of anger and unhappiness?

Authoritarian Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible outcome for children raised by permissive parents?

Impulsiveness and disobedience Signup and view all the answers

Which dimension of parenting is linked to having children with positive developmental outcomes?

Warmth and nurturance Signup and view all the answers

What behavior might you expect from children with uninvolved parents?

Rebellion and defiance Signup and view all the answers

Which parenting style is predominantly warm but fails in setting limits and expectations?

Permissive Signup and view all the answers

What impact does consistent control have on children?

They are more compliant and less defiant Signup and view all the answers

Which dimension of parenting involves open and clear communication?

Communication Signup and view all the answers

What BMI range is considered underweight?

Below 18.5 Signup and view all the answers

What is a common physical symptom associated with anorexia?

Excessive growth of fine hair Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the term 'personal fable' in adolescents?

An intense focus on one's thoughts and feelings as unique Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the self that an adolescent presents to others?

False self Signup and view all the answers

What type of conformity involves a change in both public behavior and private beliefs only in the presence of a group?

Identification Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the absence of menstruation that is common in those with anorexia?

Amenorrhea Signup and view all the answers

Which psychological condition is often associated with distorted body image in anorexia patients?

Bulimia nervosa Signup and view all the answers

What defines egocentrism in adolescents?

Increased self-reflection and focus on oneself Signup and view all the answers

What is internalisation in the context of conformity?

The process of assimilating others' characteristics into oneself Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is likely to decrease conformity?

Clear task instructions Signup and view all the answers

What type of neglect refers to inadequate supervision or lack of basic provisions?

Physical neglect Signup and view all the answers

Which form of abuse is defined as acts of aggression such as hitting or slapping?

Physical abuse Signup and view all the answers

In terms of cultural differences in conformity, which group is more likely to conform?

People from collective cultures Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the core principles regarding children's rights according to the UN?

The right to survive and be protected from harm Signup and view all the answers

What is characterized as refusing to provide emotional affection to a child?

Emotional neglect Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about gender differences in conformity is accurate?

Girls often follow school norms more than boys Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of fine motor skills?

To engage and manipulate the environment Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of object permanence refer to?

The recognition that objects continue to exist when not visible Signup and view all the answers

Which type of attachment is characterized by confusion and contradictory behavior?

Disorganized (disorientated) attachment Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of language development comes after cooing/babbling?

Lallation Signup and view all the answers

Which cognitive skill involves the ability to imitate behavior after being exposed to it?

Deferred imitation Signup and view all the answers

What does perceptual centration refer to in preoperational thought?

Focus on only one attribute while ignoring others Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about ambivalent attachment is true?

Babies display extreme anxiety even before separation Signup and view all the answers

How does egocentrism manifest in young children's thinking?

By viewing the world solely from their own perspective Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

PSH Exam Mock Scope - Theme 1: Legal Definition of a Child

A child is legally defined as a person under 18 years of age.
This definition applies to children of all ages, from infancy to adolescence.

PSH Exam Mock Scope - Theme 1: 5 Developmental Stages

Prenatal: Germinal, Embryonic, Fetal stages.
Neonatal & Infancy: First 2-4 weeks, subsequent 2 years.
Early childhood: Ages 2-6.
Middle childhood: Ages 6 to puberty (approximately 12 years).
Adolescence: Ages 12 to adulthood (approximately 18 years).

PSH Exam Mock Scope - Theme 4: Developmental Issues - Nature vs. Nurture

Nature refers to biological factors (genetics, neurological, hormonal).
Nurture refers to environmental factors, such as parenting styles and the physical and social environment (e.g., poverty).

PSH Exam Mock Scope - Theme 4: Developmental Issues - Continuity vs. Discontinuity

Continuity: Development is a gradual and smooth process.
Discontinuity: Development is abrupt and occurs in distinct steps.
Both viewpoints are valid, depending on the specific behavior being observed.

PSH Exam Mock Scope - Theme 4: Developmental Issues - Passive vs. Active

Passive: Children have no role in their environment, with their development at the mercy of their environment.
Active: Children play an active role in their own development.
Both are possible, depending on the behavior.

PSH Exam Mock Scope - Theme 4: Universality vs. Cultural Context

Universality: Characteristics shared by everyone worldwide.
Cultural Context: Refers to the beliefs, norms, customs, and general way of life of a specific group of people. The environment in which a behavior or development occurs.

PSH Exam Mock Scope - Theme 5: Theories of Development - Biological Perspective

Behavior is primarily predicted by biological factors.
Imprinting
Heredity
Nervous system
Endocrine system

PSH Exam Mock Scope - Theme 5: Theories of Development - Psychodynamic Perspective

Explores unconscious psychological motives.
Sigmund Freud
Psychosexual Theory *argues personality has 3 primary components = id, ego, superego
Psychosexual stages
Oral
Anal
Phallic
Latent
Genital
Erikson's Psychosocial Theory

PSH Exam Mock Scope - Theme 5: Theories of Development - Learning Theory Perspective

An infant’s mind is a blank slate.
Behavior is primarily learned through environment
Operant conditioning
Classical conditioning
Social Cognitive Theory (imitation, modelling, observational learning)

PSH Exam Mock Scope - Theme 5: Theories of Development - Contextual Perspective

Investigating how culture influences development.
Vygotsky's Social Cultural Theory: How adults convey their culture to children.
Zone of proximal development
Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Theory: Child development in a series of systems (micro, meso, exo, macro, chrono)
Nsamenang's African perspective: Holistic perspective on humans and the universe. Social Ontogenesis

PSH Exam Mock Scope - Theme 5: Cognitive Developmental Perspective

Focuses on how children think and how their thoughts change over time.
Jean Piaget: Theory of Cognitive Development
Information-Processing Theorists *mental software,mental hardware, input, storage, output
Brain works like a computer (input, storage, output)

PSH Exam Mock Scope - Theme 5: Motor Development

Gross motor skills: Coordinated movement of large muscle groups (e.g., crawling, walking, running, balance).
Fine motor skills: Use of smaller muscle groups for detailed movements (e.g., using fingers, performing self-help tasks, writing)

PSH Exam Mock Scope - Theme 5: Cognitive Skills (Sensory)

Object Permanence: Objects continue to exist when not seen.
A-not-B error/Perseverating search: Babies search for objects in place they last hid them
Imitation
Deferred imitation: Imitating behaviour after seeing it
Pretend play: Enacting daily activities
Symbolic representations: Language, categorizing, and numbering skills

PSH Exam Mock Scope - Theme 5: 7 Phases Of Language Development

Undifferentiated crying,
Differentiated crying,
Cooing/Babbling,
Lallation,
Echolalia
Single-word sentences,
Full sentences

PSH Exam Mock Scope - Theme 5: Types of Attachment

Secure: Children are used to their mothers as a security base and happy when reunited
Avoidant: Disinterested when mother leaves and returns
Ambivalent: Anxious and extremely upset before mother leaves and seeks contact on reunion
Disorganised/Disorientated: Confusion, contradictory behaviour, fear to connect with parents

PSH Exam Mock Scope - Theme 4: Immature Aspects of Preoperational Thought

Perceptual centration: Attending to only one aspect of an observation.
Irreversibility: Inability to reverse an operation.
Egocentrism: Viewing the world from one's own perspective.
Animistic thinking: Giving human characteristics to inanimate objects.
Transductive reasoning: Linking events together in cause-and-effect fashion.

PSH Exam Mock Scope - Theme 4: Parenting Styles

Authoritative: Consistent control and nurturance, high communication, acceptance of and involvement in children's needs.
Authoritarian: High control, low nurturance and communication, children expected to obey rules, and criticised if they do not.
Permissive: High nurturance, low control and communication, often indulgent and inattentive nature of parents
Uninvolved: Meets no parenting dimension, emotionally detached, neglectful

PSH Exam Mock Scope - Theme 4: Parenting Styles (Dimensions)

Warmth & Nurturance: Warm/kind parents lead to secure attachment.
Consistent Control: Clear, consistent rules are associated with defiance.
Expectations: High expectations lead to better outcomes for children
Communication: Open communication between parent and child leads to better emotional and social maturity.

PSH Exam Mock Scope - Theme 5: Intellectual Disability

Diagnosed through IQ (lower than 70) with limitations in intellectual functioning, adaptive behaviour, and onset of deficits in childhood.
Causes: genetic factors, problems during pregnancy/childbirth, infections.

PSH Exam Mock Scope - Theme 5: Learning Disability

Persistent deficits in acquiring academic skills, especially reading, writing, and mathematics.
Reading disorder (dyslexia): Trouble reading words or understanding
Writing disorder (dysgraphia): Trouble with writing.
Math disorder (dyscalculia): Difficulty with math
Inferred causes: unknown

PSH Exam Mock Scope - Theme 5: Parent-Child Relationships (Co-Regulation)

Parents control and supervise, allowing children to participate in moment-by-moment decision making

PSH Exam Mock Scope - Theme 4: Bullying

Physical bullying: Physical harm
Verbal/written bullying: Insulting someone
Social bullying: Excluding someone, spreading rumors
Cyberbullying: Intentional harm using technology

PSH Exam Mock Scope - Theme 6: Adolescent Growth Spurt

Rapid and intense physical changes.
Growth hormone (somatotrophin) stimulates growth.
Dwarfism: Short stature, lack of growth hormone
Growth spurts occur at different times for girls (10-13 years, ending at 16) and boys (12-15 years, ending at 18)

PSH Exam Mock Scope - Theme 6: Asynchrony

Disproportionate growth tempo of body parts.

PSH Exam Mock Scope - Theme 6: Sexual Maturation (Girls & Boys)

Puberty, menstruation, female circumcision.
Sexual characteristics develop.

PSH Exam Mock Scope - Theme 6: Anorexia

Refusal or inability to maintain a normal body weight.
BMI (a measure of body fat using weight and height) is significant factor determining Anorexia.
Mild, moderate, extreme are categories based on BMI.
Purging and denial of food

PSH Exam Mock Scope - Theme 6: Self-consciousness & Self-Focusing

Egocentrism: adolescent’s ability to reflect on own thoughts and feelings
Imaginary audience: Belief that they are the focus of everyone else's attention
Personal fable: Belief that one's thoughts and feelings are unique and special

PSH Exam Mock Scope - Theme 6: Conformity

Degree of willingness to change behavior, attitudes, and beliefs to fit in with a group.
Three elements of conformity:
Compliance
Identification
Internalisation
Factors influencing conformity
Difficulty of task
Group size
Characteristics of situation
Cultural differences
Gender differences

PSH Exam Mock Scope - Theme 7: Neglect

Failure to provide basic needs (housing, nutrition, medical care)
Emotional neglect: Failure to meet psychological needs (affection, support)
Educational neglect: Failing to enroll child in school and allowing truancy

PSH Exam Mock Scope - Theme 7: Abuse

Physical abuse: Physical actions (e.g., hitting, slapping).
Sexual abuse: Illegal sexual acts against a child.
Emotional abuse: Persistent and continual emotional maltreatment.

PSH Exam Mock Scope - Theme 7: Rights of a Child

Right to survival.
Right to development to the fullest.
Protected from harm, abuse, and exploitation.
Participate fully in family, cultural, and social life.

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Description

This quiz covers the legal definition of a child, the five developmental stages from prenatal to adolescence, and explores the debates of nature vs. nurture and continuity vs. discontinuity in development. Test your knowledge on the key concepts of child development and related issues.