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Questions and Answers
What is the primary focus of the Cognitive Developmental perspective?
What is the primary focus of the Cognitive Developmental perspective?
Which of the following is associated with Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Theory?
Which of the following is associated with Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Theory?
What aspect does Vygotsky's Social Cultural Theory emphasize in child development?
What aspect does Vygotsky's Social Cultural Theory emphasize in child development?
Which statement best describes the concept of gross motor skills?
Which statement best describes the concept of gross motor skills?
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Who among the following is known for developing the Theory of Cognitive Development?
Who among the following is known for developing the Theory of Cognitive Development?
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What is the legal definition of a child?
What is the legal definition of a child?
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Which developmental stage occurs between ages 2 to 6?
Which developmental stage occurs between ages 2 to 6?
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In the nature vs. nurture debate, which aspect does 'nurture' primarily refer to?
In the nature vs. nurture debate, which aspect does 'nurture' primarily refer to?
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According to the continuity vs. discontinuity perspective, what does 'continuous development' imply?
According to the continuity vs. discontinuity perspective, what does 'continuous development' imply?
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Which perspective emphasizes the role of biological factors in development?
Which perspective emphasizes the role of biological factors in development?
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What primary components does Sigmund Freud's psychosexual theory propose?
What primary components does Sigmund Freud's psychosexual theory propose?
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Erikson's Psychosocial Theory primarily highlights which aspects of conflict?
Erikson's Psychosocial Theory primarily highlights which aspects of conflict?
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Cultural context in development refers to which of the following?
Cultural context in development refers to which of the following?
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What characterizes parents who use an authoritative style?
What characterizes parents who use an authoritative style?
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Which parenting style is associated with children showing high rates of anger and unhappiness?
Which parenting style is associated with children showing high rates of anger and unhappiness?
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What is a possible outcome for children raised by permissive parents?
What is a possible outcome for children raised by permissive parents?
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Which dimension of parenting is linked to having children with positive developmental outcomes?
Which dimension of parenting is linked to having children with positive developmental outcomes?
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What behavior might you expect from children with uninvolved parents?
What behavior might you expect from children with uninvolved parents?
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Which parenting style is predominantly warm but fails in setting limits and expectations?
Which parenting style is predominantly warm but fails in setting limits and expectations?
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What impact does consistent control have on children?
What impact does consistent control have on children?
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Which dimension of parenting involves open and clear communication?
Which dimension of parenting involves open and clear communication?
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What BMI range is considered underweight?
What BMI range is considered underweight?
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What is a common physical symptom associated with anorexia?
What is a common physical symptom associated with anorexia?
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Which of the following best describes the term 'personal fable' in adolescents?
Which of the following best describes the term 'personal fable' in adolescents?
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Which term describes the self that an adolescent presents to others?
Which term describes the self that an adolescent presents to others?
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What type of conformity involves a change in both public behavior and private beliefs only in the presence of a group?
What type of conformity involves a change in both public behavior and private beliefs only in the presence of a group?
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What is the term for the absence of menstruation that is common in those with anorexia?
What is the term for the absence of menstruation that is common in those with anorexia?
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Which psychological condition is often associated with distorted body image in anorexia patients?
Which psychological condition is often associated with distorted body image in anorexia patients?
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What defines egocentrism in adolescents?
What defines egocentrism in adolescents?
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What is internalisation in the context of conformity?
What is internalisation in the context of conformity?
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Which factor is likely to decrease conformity?
Which factor is likely to decrease conformity?
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What type of neglect refers to inadequate supervision or lack of basic provisions?
What type of neglect refers to inadequate supervision or lack of basic provisions?
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Which form of abuse is defined as acts of aggression such as hitting or slapping?
Which form of abuse is defined as acts of aggression such as hitting or slapping?
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In terms of cultural differences in conformity, which group is more likely to conform?
In terms of cultural differences in conformity, which group is more likely to conform?
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What is one of the core principles regarding children's rights according to the UN?
What is one of the core principles regarding children's rights according to the UN?
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What is characterized as refusing to provide emotional affection to a child?
What is characterized as refusing to provide emotional affection to a child?
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Which statement about gender differences in conformity is accurate?
Which statement about gender differences in conformity is accurate?
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What is the primary purpose of fine motor skills?
What is the primary purpose of fine motor skills?
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What does the concept of object permanence refer to?
What does the concept of object permanence refer to?
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Which type of attachment is characterized by confusion and contradictory behavior?
Which type of attachment is characterized by confusion and contradictory behavior?
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Which phase of language development comes after cooing/babbling?
Which phase of language development comes after cooing/babbling?
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Which cognitive skill involves the ability to imitate behavior after being exposed to it?
Which cognitive skill involves the ability to imitate behavior after being exposed to it?
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What does perceptual centration refer to in preoperational thought?
What does perceptual centration refer to in preoperational thought?
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Which statement about ambivalent attachment is true?
Which statement about ambivalent attachment is true?
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How does egocentrism manifest in young children's thinking?
How does egocentrism manifest in young children's thinking?
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Study Notes
PSH Exam Mock Scope - Theme 1: Legal Definition of a Child
- A child is legally defined as a person under 18 years of age.
- This definition applies to children of all ages, from infancy to adolescence.
PSH Exam Mock Scope - Theme 1: 5 Developmental Stages
- Prenatal: Germinal, Embryonic, Fetal stages.
- Neonatal & Infancy: First 2-4 weeks, subsequent 2 years.
- Early childhood: Ages 2-6.
- Middle childhood: Ages 6 to puberty (approximately 12 years).
- Adolescence: Ages 12 to adulthood (approximately 18 years).
PSH Exam Mock Scope - Theme 4: Developmental Issues - Nature vs. Nurture
- Nature refers to biological factors (genetics, neurological, hormonal).
- Nurture refers to environmental factors, such as parenting styles and the physical and social environment (e.g., poverty).
PSH Exam Mock Scope - Theme 4: Developmental Issues - Continuity vs. Discontinuity
- Continuity: Development is a gradual and smooth process.
- Discontinuity: Development is abrupt and occurs in distinct steps.
- Both viewpoints are valid, depending on the specific behavior being observed.
PSH Exam Mock Scope - Theme 4: Developmental Issues - Passive vs. Active
- Passive: Children have no role in their environment, with their development at the mercy of their environment.
- Active: Children play an active role in their own development.
- Both are possible, depending on the behavior.
PSH Exam Mock Scope - Theme 4: Universality vs. Cultural Context
- Universality: Characteristics shared by everyone worldwide.
- Cultural Context: Refers to the beliefs, norms, customs, and general way of life of a specific group of people. The environment in which a behavior or development occurs.
PSH Exam Mock Scope - Theme 5: Theories of Development - Biological Perspective
- Behavior is primarily predicted by biological factors.
- Imprinting
- Heredity
- Nervous system
- Endocrine system
PSH Exam Mock Scope - Theme 5: Theories of Development - Psychodynamic Perspective
- Explores unconscious psychological motives.
- Sigmund Freud
- Psychosexual Theory *argues personality has 3 primary components = id, ego, superego
- Psychosexual stages
- Oral
- Anal
- Phallic
- Latent
- Genital
- Erikson's Psychosocial Theory
PSH Exam Mock Scope - Theme 5: Theories of Development - Learning Theory Perspective
- An infant’s mind is a blank slate.
- Behavior is primarily learned through environment
- Operant conditioning
- Classical conditioning
- Social Cognitive Theory (imitation, modelling, observational learning)
PSH Exam Mock Scope - Theme 5: Theories of Development - Contextual Perspective
- Investigating how culture influences development.
- Vygotsky's Social Cultural Theory: How adults convey their culture to children.
- Zone of proximal development
- Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Theory: Child development in a series of systems (micro, meso, exo, macro, chrono)
- Nsamenang's African perspective: Holistic perspective on humans and the universe. Social Ontogenesis
PSH Exam Mock Scope - Theme 5: Cognitive Developmental Perspective
- Focuses on how children think and how their thoughts change over time.
- Jean Piaget: Theory of Cognitive Development
- Information-Processing Theorists *mental software,mental hardware, input, storage, output
- Brain works like a computer (input, storage, output)
PSH Exam Mock Scope - Theme 5: Motor Development
- Gross motor skills: Coordinated movement of large muscle groups (e.g., crawling, walking, running, balance).
- Fine motor skills: Use of smaller muscle groups for detailed movements (e.g., using fingers, performing self-help tasks, writing)
PSH Exam Mock Scope - Theme 5: Cognitive Skills (Sensory)
- Object Permanence: Objects continue to exist when not seen.
- A-not-B error/Perseverating search: Babies search for objects in place they last hid them
- Imitation
- Deferred imitation: Imitating behaviour after seeing it
- Pretend play: Enacting daily activities
- Symbolic representations: Language, categorizing, and numbering skills
PSH Exam Mock Scope - Theme 5: 7 Phases Of Language Development
- Undifferentiated crying,
- Differentiated crying,
- Cooing/Babbling,
- Lallation,
- Echolalia
- Single-word sentences,
- Full sentences
PSH Exam Mock Scope - Theme 5: Types of Attachment
- Secure: Children are used to their mothers as a security base and happy when reunited
- Avoidant: Disinterested when mother leaves and returns
- Ambivalent: Anxious and extremely upset before mother leaves and seeks contact on reunion
- Disorganised/Disorientated: Confusion, contradictory behaviour, fear to connect with parents
PSH Exam Mock Scope - Theme 4: Immature Aspects of Preoperational Thought
- Perceptual centration: Attending to only one aspect of an observation.
- Irreversibility: Inability to reverse an operation.
- Egocentrism: Viewing the world from one's own perspective.
- Animistic thinking: Giving human characteristics to inanimate objects.
- Transductive reasoning: Linking events together in cause-and-effect fashion.
PSH Exam Mock Scope - Theme 4: Parenting Styles
- Authoritative: Consistent control and nurturance, high communication, acceptance of and involvement in children's needs.
- Authoritarian: High control, low nurturance and communication, children expected to obey rules, and criticised if they do not.
- Permissive: High nurturance, low control and communication, often indulgent and inattentive nature of parents
- Uninvolved: Meets no parenting dimension, emotionally detached, neglectful
PSH Exam Mock Scope - Theme 4: Parenting Styles (Dimensions)
- Warmth & Nurturance: Warm/kind parents lead to secure attachment.
- Consistent Control: Clear, consistent rules are associated with defiance.
- Expectations: High expectations lead to better outcomes for children
- Communication: Open communication between parent and child leads to better emotional and social maturity.
PSH Exam Mock Scope - Theme 5: Intellectual Disability
- Diagnosed through IQ (lower than 70) with limitations in intellectual functioning, adaptive behaviour, and onset of deficits in childhood.
- Causes: genetic factors, problems during pregnancy/childbirth, infections.
PSH Exam Mock Scope - Theme 5: Learning Disability
- Persistent deficits in acquiring academic skills, especially reading, writing, and mathematics.
- Reading disorder (dyslexia): Trouble reading words or understanding
- Writing disorder (dysgraphia): Trouble with writing.
- Math disorder (dyscalculia): Difficulty with math
- Inferred causes: unknown
PSH Exam Mock Scope - Theme 5: Parent-Child Relationships (Co-Regulation)
- Parents control and supervise, allowing children to participate in moment-by-moment decision making
PSH Exam Mock Scope - Theme 4: Bullying
- Physical bullying: Physical harm
- Verbal/written bullying: Insulting someone
- Social bullying: Excluding someone, spreading rumors
- Cyberbullying: Intentional harm using technology
PSH Exam Mock Scope - Theme 6: Adolescent Growth Spurt
- Rapid and intense physical changes.
- Growth hormone (somatotrophin) stimulates growth.
- Dwarfism: Short stature, lack of growth hormone
- Growth spurts occur at different times for girls (10-13 years, ending at 16) and boys (12-15 years, ending at 18)
PSH Exam Mock Scope - Theme 6: Asynchrony
- Disproportionate growth tempo of body parts.
PSH Exam Mock Scope - Theme 6: Sexual Maturation (Girls & Boys)
- Puberty, menstruation, female circumcision.
- Sexual characteristics develop.
PSH Exam Mock Scope - Theme 6: Anorexia
- Refusal or inability to maintain a normal body weight.
- BMI (a measure of body fat using weight and height) is significant factor determining Anorexia.
- Mild, moderate, extreme are categories based on BMI.
- Purging and denial of food
PSH Exam Mock Scope - Theme 6: Self-consciousness & Self-Focusing
- Egocentrism: adolescent’s ability to reflect on own thoughts and feelings
- Imaginary audience: Belief that they are the focus of everyone else's attention
- Personal fable: Belief that one's thoughts and feelings are unique and special
PSH Exam Mock Scope - Theme 6: Conformity
- Degree of willingness to change behavior, attitudes, and beliefs to fit in with a group.
- Three elements of conformity:
- Compliance
- Identification
- Internalisation
- Factors influencing conformity
- Difficulty of task
- Group size
- Characteristics of situation
- Cultural differences
- Gender differences
PSH Exam Mock Scope - Theme 7: Neglect
- Failure to provide basic needs (housing, nutrition, medical care)
- Emotional neglect: Failure to meet psychological needs (affection, support)
- Educational neglect: Failing to enroll child in school and allowing truancy
PSH Exam Mock Scope - Theme 7: Abuse
- Physical abuse: Physical actions (e.g., hitting, slapping).
- Sexual abuse: Illegal sexual acts against a child.
- Emotional abuse: Persistent and continual emotional maltreatment.
PSH Exam Mock Scope - Theme 7: Rights of a Child
- Right to survival.
- Right to development to the fullest.
- Protected from harm, abuse, and exploitation.
- Participate fully in family, cultural, and social life.
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Description
This quiz covers the legal definition of a child, the five developmental stages from prenatal to adolescence, and explores the debates of nature vs. nurture and continuity vs. discontinuity in development. Test your knowledge on the key concepts of child development and related issues.
