Protein Balance and Anabolic Effects of Insulin in Athletes

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Which of the following factors make up total daily energy expenditure?

Protein consumption, vitamin intake, water consumption, fiber intake

Sleep duration, screen time, social media use, work stress

Basal energy expenditure, thermic effect of food, exercise activity thermogenesis, non-exercise activity thermogenesis (correct)

Carbohydrate intake, fat consumption, muscle mass, age

What does calorimetry measure?

Hormone secretion

Vitamin absorption

Blood sugar levels

Heat production (correct)

Which type of calorimetry is based on O2 consumption and CO2 production?

Infrared calorimetry

Indirect calorimetry (correct)

Direct calorimetry

Ultraviolet calorimetry

What are the major energy sources of carbohydrates?

Glucose, fructose, galactose Signup and view all the answers

How does exercise impact glucose uptake?

Causes GLUT-4 translocation, independent of insulin Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between essential and non-essential nutrients?

Essential nutrients come from food, while non-essential nutrients are produced by the body. Signup and view all the answers

According to the Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans, how many minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity are recommended?

150-300 minutes Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes ergogenic aids in sports?

They enhance physical power, mental strength, or mechanical edge. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between anabolism and catabolism?

Anabolism builds complex body components from basic nutrients, while catabolism breaks down body components into simpler forms. Signup and view all the answers

What does the Calorie represent in nutrition?

The energy content of a food item Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary carbohydrate source for energy during exercise or performance?

Muscle glycogen Signup and view all the answers

What is the importance of carbohydrate intake before exercise?

Helps maintain blood glucose levels Signup and view all the answers

Which type of training requires a higher carbohydrate intake of 8-10 g/kg/day?

High volume intense training (3-6 h/day, 5-6 d/week) Signup and view all the answers

What is the unique ability of carbohydrates compared to protein and fat as an energy source during exercise?

Can produce ATP for muscle contraction rapidly Signup and view all the answers

Are pyruvate, lactate salts, or ribose supported with substantial evidence as effective ergogenic aids?

Evidence is inconclusive and more research is needed Signup and view all the answers

Which macronutrient has the highest calorie content per gram?

Fats Signup and view all the answers

In the human body, which energy system provides energy rapidly but has a limited energy supply?

ATP-PCr system Signup and view all the answers

For high-intensity workouts lasting for 30-120 seconds, which energy system is predominantly utilized?

Lactic acid system Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary energy source during low-intensity exercise?

Fats Signup and view all the answers

Which energy system produces ATP in large amounts but at a slower rate?

Oxygen system Signup and view all the answers

What benefit can carbohydrate combinations provide compared to single carbohydrates during exercise?

Higher oxidation rates Signup and view all the answers

Which class of athletes is most likely to benefit from carbohydrate loading?

Long-distance runners Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for deamination of amino acids in the body?

Excess nitrogen storage Signup and view all the answers

What type of proteins are considered high-quality or complete proteins?

Animal-based proteins Signup and view all the answers

Which nutrient lacks evidence to support its ergogenic effect on endurance performance?

Pyruvate Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended protein intake range for athletes based on body weight?

1.2-2.0 g/kg Signup and view all the answers

Which macronutrient increases protein synthesis in skeletal muscle?

Protein Signup and view all the answers

Which supplement is specifically beneficial for enhancing exercise performance in endurance activities?

Dietary Nitrate Signup and view all the answers

What role does insulin play in liver metabolism?

Increase glycogenesis, decrease glyconeogenesis Signup and view all the answers

If an individual consumes 2500 kcal per day, what is the AMDR (Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range) for carbohydrate intake based on a typical range?

45-65% of total energy intake Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between MPS and MPB?

MPS builds new muscle proteins, while MPB breaks down muscle proteins Signup and view all the answers

In what state is a person when MPS equals MPB?

Neutral protein balance Signup and view all the answers

How does resistance training impact MPS and MPB?

Increases MPS and decreases MPB Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of leucine in MPS?

Leucine stimulates muscle protein synthesis Signup and view all the answers

Why is sufficient carbohydrate intake important during aerobic endurance exercise?

To reduce the formation of ammonia Signup and view all the answers

What happens to protein metabolism during exercise?

Produces a positive protein balance Signup and view all the answers

What are the consequences of insufficient protein intake for athletes?

Muscle wasting and slow recovery Signup and view all the answers

During which type of exercise does protein oxidation increase?

Aerobic endurance training Signup and view all the answers

How do fast-acting proteins differ from slow-acting proteins in terms of MPS and MBP?

Slow-acting proteins promote muscle growth through MPS. Signup and view all the answers

What does a negative nitrogen balance indicate in terms of protein intake?

Protein catabolism due to insufficient dietary intake or overtraining Signup and view all the answers

What are the three major factors/components that make up total daily energy expenditure?

Basal energy expenditure, thermic effect of food, physical activity energy expenditure Signup and view all the answers

Which type of calorimetry measures heat production directly?

Bomb calorimeter Signup and view all the answers

Which macronutrient undergoes GLUT-4 translocation as a result of exercise?

Carbohydrates Signup and view all the answers

What major energy sources do carbohydrates provide during exercise?

Glucose, fructose, galactose Signup and view all the answers

Which is the greatest energy storage form in terms of kcal?

Polysaccharides Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between the physical and chemical changes that take place in the body?

Physical changes refer to metabolism, while chemical changes are related to digestion. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of human energy systems, which process involves the synthesis of complex body components from basic nutrients?

Anabolism Signup and view all the answers

Which nutrient is the primary energy source during low-intensity exercise?

Carbohydrates Signup and view all the answers

What does a negative nitrogen balance indicate in terms of protein intake?

Low protein intake Signup and view all the answers

Which major human energy system provides rapid energy but has a limited energy supply?

Anaerobic alactic system Signup and view all the answers

Which energy system is known for providing energy rapidly but with a limited energy supply?

Phosphocreatine system Signup and view all the answers

For high-intensity workouts lasting for 30-120 seconds, which energy system is predominantly utilized?

Lactic acid system Signup and view all the answers

Which energy system produces ATP in large amounts but at a slower rate?

Aerobic capacity system Signup and view all the answers

Which energy system helps replace ATP but cannot be used directly as a source of energy for muscular contraction?

Lactic acid system Signup and view all the answers

Which energy system is commonly associated with competitive weight lifting and the 100m dash?

Phosphocreatine system Signup and view all the answers

What is the importance of carbohydrate intake before exercise?

Helps maintain blood glucose levels and fuel muscles Signup and view all the answers

Which energy system provides energy rapidly but has a limited energy supply in the human body?

Phosphagen system Signup and view all the answers

Why are carbohydrates essential for athletes during high-volume intense training?

To replenish liver and muscle glycogen Signup and view all the answers

During which type of exercise can carbohydrates be used both anaerobically and aerobically as an energy source?

High-intensity short-duration exercise Signup and view all the answers

What role do glycogen depletion and blood glucose level decline play in exercise-induced fatigue?

They result in fatigue by reducing available energy sources Signup and view all the answers

Why does deamination need to occur in the body?

Because the body cannot store excess nitrogen Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of carbohydrate loading for athletes?

Delayed onset of fatigue Signup and view all the answers

Which class of athletes is likely to benefit the most from carbohydrate loading?

Endurance runners Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential benefit of consuming glucose + fructose combinations during exercise?

Increased oxidation rates compared to single glucose intake Signup and view all the answers

Which nutrient lacks substantial evidence to support its ergogenic effect on endurance performance?

Ribose Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary energy source during short bursts of high-intensity exercises, such as those lasting for 10-30 seconds?

Glycolysis Signup and view all the answers

Which energy system provides energy rapidly but has a limited energy supply, particularly utilized during exercises lasting 30 seconds to 2 minutes?

Creatine Phosphate System Signup and view all the answers

During endurance activities like long-distance running or cycling, which energy system plays a significant role in providing sustained energy production?

Oxidative Phosphorylation Signup and view all the answers

In which energy system does protein oxidation increase during exercises that last for an extended time, typically more than 2 minutes?

Protein Catabolism Signup and view all the answers

For high-intensity workouts lasting 30-120 seconds, which energy system is predominantly utilized to meet the immediate energy demands?

Anaerobic Glycolysis Signup and view all the answers

What does a negative nitrogen balance indicate in terms of protein intake?

Protein catabolism Signup and view all the answers

Which energy system provides rapid energy but has a limited energy supply?

Anaerobic glycolysis Signup and view all the answers

What is the by-product of protein metabolism during exercise that may contribute to fatigue?

Ammonia Signup and view all the answers

Which nutrient is the primary energy source during low-intensity exercise?

Fat Signup and view all the answers

Which major human energy system produces ATP in large amounts but at a slower rate?

Oxidative phosphorylation Signup and view all the answers

During resistance training, what effect does it have on protein catabolism?

Decreases protein catabolism Signup and view all the answers

What is the main class of amino acids oxidized during exercise?

Branch-chain amino acids (BCAAs) Signup and view all the answers

How do fast-acting proteins differ from slow-acting proteins in terms of MPS and MPB?

Fast-acting proteins enhance muscle growth quicker Signup and view all the answers

What role does leucine play in MPS?

Stimulates muscle protein synthesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of insufficient protein intake for athletes?

Negative nitrogen balance leading to muscle wasting Signup and view all the answers

Protein Balance and Anabolic Effects of Insulin in Athletes

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following factors make up total daily energy expenditure?

What does calorimetry measure?

Which type of calorimetry is based on O2 consumption and CO2 production?

What are the major energy sources of carbohydrates?

How does exercise impact glucose uptake?

What is the primary difference between essential and non-essential nutrients?

According to the Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans, how many minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity are recommended?

Which statement best describes ergogenic aids in sports?

What is the primary difference between anabolism and catabolism?

What does the Calorie represent in nutrition?

What is the primary carbohydrate source for energy during exercise or performance?

What is the importance of carbohydrate intake before exercise?

Which type of training requires a higher carbohydrate intake of 8-10 g/kg/day?

What is the unique ability of carbohydrates compared to protein and fat as an energy source during exercise?

Are pyruvate, lactate salts, or ribose supported with substantial evidence as effective ergogenic aids?

Which macronutrient has the highest calorie content per gram?

In the human body, which energy system provides energy rapidly but has a limited energy supply?

For high-intensity workouts lasting for 30-120 seconds, which energy system is predominantly utilized?

What is the primary energy source during low-intensity exercise?

Which energy system produces ATP in large amounts but at a slower rate?

What benefit can carbohydrate combinations provide compared to single carbohydrates during exercise?

Which class of athletes is most likely to benefit from carbohydrate loading?

What is the primary reason for deamination of amino acids in the body?

What type of proteins are considered high-quality or complete proteins?

Which nutrient lacks evidence to support its ergogenic effect on endurance performance?

What is the recommended protein intake range for athletes based on body weight?

Which macronutrient increases protein synthesis in skeletal muscle?

Which supplement is specifically beneficial for enhancing exercise performance in endurance activities?

What role does insulin play in liver metabolism?

If an individual consumes 2500 kcal per day, what is the AMDR (Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range) for carbohydrate intake based on a typical range?

What is the main difference between MPS and MPB?

In what state is a person when MPS equals MPB?

How does resistance training impact MPS and MPB?

What is the role of leucine in MPS?

Why is sufficient carbohydrate intake important during aerobic endurance exercise?

What happens to protein metabolism during exercise?

What are the consequences of insufficient protein intake for athletes?

During which type of exercise does protein oxidation increase?

How do fast-acting proteins differ from slow-acting proteins in terms of MPS and MBP?

What does a negative nitrogen balance indicate in terms of protein intake?

What are the three major factors/components that make up total daily energy expenditure?

Which type of calorimetry measures heat production directly?

Which macronutrient undergoes GLUT-4 translocation as a result of exercise?

What major energy sources do carbohydrates provide during exercise?

Which is the greatest energy storage form in terms of kcal?

What is the primary difference between the physical and chemical changes that take place in the body?

In the context of human energy systems, which process involves the synthesis of complex body components from basic nutrients?

Which nutrient is the primary energy source during low-intensity exercise?

What does a negative nitrogen balance indicate in terms of protein intake?

Which major human energy system provides rapid energy but has a limited energy supply?

Which energy system is known for providing energy rapidly but with a limited energy supply?

For high-intensity workouts lasting for 30-120 seconds, which energy system is predominantly utilized?

Which energy system produces ATP in large amounts but at a slower rate?

Which energy system helps replace ATP but cannot be used directly as a source of energy for muscular contraction?

Which energy system is commonly associated with competitive weight lifting and the 100m dash?

What is the importance of carbohydrate intake before exercise?

Which energy system provides energy rapidly but has a limited energy supply in the human body?

Why are carbohydrates essential for athletes during high-volume intense training?

During which type of exercise can carbohydrates be used both anaerobically and aerobically as an energy source?

What role do glycogen depletion and blood glucose level decline play in exercise-induced fatigue?

Why does deamination need to occur in the body?

What is the primary benefit of carbohydrate loading for athletes?

Which class of athletes is likely to benefit the most from carbohydrate loading?

What is the potential benefit of consuming glucose + fructose combinations during exercise?

Which nutrient lacks substantial evidence to support its ergogenic effect on endurance performance?

What is the primary energy source during short bursts of high-intensity exercises, such as those lasting for 10-30 seconds?

Which energy system provides energy rapidly but has a limited energy supply, particularly utilized during exercises lasting 30 seconds to 2 minutes?

During endurance activities like long-distance running or cycling, which energy system plays a significant role in providing sustained energy production?

In which energy system does protein oxidation increase during exercises that last for an extended time, typically more than 2 minutes?

For high-intensity workouts lasting 30-120 seconds, which energy system is predominantly utilized to meet the immediate energy demands?

What does a negative nitrogen balance indicate in terms of protein intake?

Which energy system provides rapid energy but has a limited energy supply?

What is the by-product of protein metabolism during exercise that may contribute to fatigue?

Which nutrient is the primary energy source during low-intensity exercise?

Which major human energy system produces ATP in large amounts but at a slower rate?

During resistance training, what effect does it have on protein catabolism?