Protein Synthesis and Nitrogen Balance Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the term used to describe the state where the rate of protein synthesis equals the rate of breakdown and loss?

  • Negative balance
  • Nitrogen balance (correct)
  • Anabolic state
  • Positive balance
  • Which group of hormones accelerates protein synthesis?

  • Anabolic hormones like GH and sex hormones (correct)
  • Thyroid hormones
  • Insulin and glucagon
  • Cortisol and adrenaline
  • What happens when the rate of protein breakdown exceeds the rate of synthesis in the body?

  • Negative nitrogen balance (correct)
  • Anabolic state
  • Positive nitrogen balance
  • Excessive muscle growth
  • Which of the following amino acids is considered essential for infants?

    <p>Histidine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main consequence of inadequate caloric intake with respect to protein use in the body?

    <p>Protein breakdown is accelerated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vitamins are synthesized in the body and are crucial for helping the body use nutrients effectively?

    <p>Vitamin K and B12</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an essential function of proteins in the body?

    <p>Structural support in muscle proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of amino acids in the body?

    <p>Forming enzymes and some hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of proteins lack some essential amino acids?

    <p>Proteins derived from legumes and nuts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the essential fatty acids that must be ingested through diet?

    <p>Linoleic and linolenic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which body cells primarily rely on glucose as their main fuel source to make ATP?

    <p>Hepatocytes and red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major function of phospholipids in the body?

    <p>Forming myelin sheaths and cell membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main functions of proteins in the body?

    <p>Structural and functional roles, such as serving as enzymes or hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a product of the oxidative breakdown of nutrients in the mitochondria?

    <p>NH3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are essential amino acids important in the body?

    <p>They must be obtained from the diet as the body cannot produce them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key factor in protein synthesis within tissue cells?

    <p>Availability of essential amino acids and ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do coenzymes like NAD+ and FAD play in cellular metabolism?

    <p>Act as hydrogen acceptors in redox reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves the incorporation of proteins into molecules and the breakdown of nutrients to form intermediates within tissue cells?

    <p>Anabolism within tissue cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Protein Synthesis

    • All amino acids must be present for protein synthesis to occur
    • Insufficient carbohydrate or fat availability leads to protein being used as fuel

    Nitrogen Balance

    • State where protein synthesis rate equals protein breakdown and loss rate
    • Positive nitrogen balance: synthesis exceeds breakdown (normal in children and tissue repair)
    • Negative nitrogen balance: breakdown exceeds synthesis (e.g., stress, burns, infection, or injury)

    Hormonal Controls

    • Anabolic hormones (GH, sex hormones) accelerate protein synthesis

    Essential Amino Acids

    • Threonine, Leucine, Phenylalanine, Isoleucine, Lysine, Histidine (infants), Arginine (infants) are essential amino acids
    • Valine and Methionine are also essential amino acids
    • Tryptophan and Methionine are important amino acids

    Vitamins

    • Organic compounds crucial in helping the body use nutrients
    • Most function as coenzymes
    • Vitamins D, some B, and K are synthesized in the body
    • Two types: water-soluble and fat-soluble
    • Water-soluble vitamins: B complex and C, absorbed with water, not stored in the body
    • Fat-soluble vitamins: Vitamins A, D, E, and K, require fat for absorption

    Nutrients

    • Major nutrients: Carbohydrates, Lipids, and Proteins
    • Other nutrients: Vitamins, Minerals, and Water
    • Energy (ATP) is derived from Carbohydrates, Lipids, and Proteins

    Carbohydrates

    • Dietary sources: Starch, Sugars, Insoluble fiber, Soluble fiber
    • Uses: Glucose is the fuel used by cells to make ATP, neurons and RBCs rely on glucose
    • Excess glucose is converted to glycogen or fat and stored

    Lipids

    • Dietary sources: Triglycerides, Saturated fats, Unsaturated fats, Cholesterol
    • Essential fatty acids: Linoleic and linolenic acid, found in most vegetable oils
    • Uses: Help absorb fat-soluble vitamins, major fuel of hepatocytes and skeletal muscle, phospholipids are essential in myelin sheaths and all cell membranes
    • Functions of fatty deposits: Protective cushions, Insulating layer, Concentrated source of energy
    • Regulatory functions of prostaglandins: Smooth muscle contraction, Control of blood pressure, Inflammation
    • Functions of cholesterol: Stabilizes membranes, Precursor of bile salts and steroid hormones

    Cellular Metabolic Processes

    • Stage 1: Digestion, absorption, and transport to tissues
    • Stage 2: Cellular processing, synthesis of lipids, proteins, and glycogen, or catabolism into intermediates
    • Stage 3: Oxidative breakdown of intermediates into CO2, water, and ATP

    Oxidation-Reduction (Redox) Reactions

    • Oxidation: gain of oxygen or loss of hydrogen
    • Reduced substances gain electrons and energy
    • Coenzymes act as hydrogen (or electron) acceptors: NAD+, FAD

    ATP Synthesis

    • Two mechanisms: Substrate-level phosphorylation, Oxidative phosphorylation

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on protein synthesis, the all-or-none rule, adequacy of caloric intake, nitrogen balance, and hormonal controls. Understand how various factors can impact protein synthesis and breakdown.

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