Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of osmosis in biological systems?

  • Transport of ions against their concentration gradient
  • Engulfing larger particles into the cell
  • Diffusion of nutrients across a membrane
  • Movement of water from low to high solute concentration (correct)

Which mechanism is primarily involved in moving substances against their concentration gradient?

  • Facilitated diffusion
  • Active transport (correct)
  • Passive transport
  • Osmosis

What type of bulk transport involves the engulfing of solid particles?

  • Phagocytosis (correct)
  • Exocytosis
  • Pinocytosis
  • Endocytosis

In the structure of chromosomes, what is the role of telomeres?

<p>Protect genetic material at chromosome ends (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

<p>S Phase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary outcome of mitosis in single-celled organisms?

<p>Production of genetically identical offspring (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a checkpoint in the cell cycle ensure?

<p>Cells are ready for division by verifying size and DNA integrity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical chromosome count in human somatic cells?

<p>46 chromosomes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the size range of prokaryotic cells?

<p>1-10 μm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is not found in eukaryotic cells?

<p>Plasmids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does ATP synthesis primarily occur in eukaryotic cells?

<p>Mitochondria (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ribosomes are found in prokaryotic cells?

<p>70S ribosomes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the Golgi Apparatus?

<p>Protein modification and packaging (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the cytoskeleton is primarily responsible for cell shape and movement?

<p>Microfilaments (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of lysosomes in a cell?

<p>Digestion of macromolecules (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of microscope would be best for observing the internal details of a specimen?

<p>Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes prokaryotic cells from eukaryotic cells in terms of DNA structure?

<p>Prokaryotic cells have circular DNA, while eukaryotic cells have linear DNA. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which biomolecule is primarily responsible for energy storage in living organisms?

<p>Lipids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the ribosomes found in prokaryotic cells?

<p>They are non-membrane-bound and 70S in size. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of flagella in prokaryotic cells?

<p>Motility. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about viruses is true?

<p>Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which elements are commonly found in biomolecules, as represented by the acronym CHONPS?

<p>Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do pili play in prokaryotic cells?

<p>Conjugation and attachment to surfaces. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes macromolecules?

<p>They are large, complex molecules formed from monomers. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Osmosis

The movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from a region of low solute concentration to a region of high solute concentration.

Active Transport

Movement of molecules or ions against their concentration gradient, requiring energy (ATP) and carrier proteins.

Endocytosis

The process of bringing large molecules or particles into a cell.

Exocytosis

The process of releasing substances from the cell by fusing vesicles with the cell membrane.

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Mitosis

A type of cell division that produces two identical daughter cells from a single parent cell.

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Interphase

The period in the cell cycle where the cell grows, replicates its DNA, and prepares for division.

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Cell Cycle Checkpoints

The point in the cell cycle where checkpoints ensure that everything is in order before proceeding.

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Chromosome

A structure composed of tightly coiled DNA wrapped around histone proteins.

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What is the nucleoid?

The region in a prokaryotic cell where the circular DNA is located, not enclosed by a membrane.

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What are plasmids?

Small, extra-chromosomal DNA molecules found in some bacteria, often carrying genes for antibiotic resistance or other advantageous traits.

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What are pili?

Thin, hair-like structures on the surface of some bacteria used for attachment and conjugation (exchange of genetic material).

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How do prokaryotes reproduce?

The process by which a prokaryotic cell replicates itself, resulting in two identical daughter cells.

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What are prokaryotic cells?

Organisms lacking a true nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. They have circular DNA located in a region called the nucleoid.

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What are eukaryotic cells?

Organisms with a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, allowing for compartmentalization of cellular processes.

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What are viruses?

Small, non-living particles consisting of a protein coat (capsid) surrounding nucleic acid (DNA or RNA). They require a host cell to reproduce.

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What is biochemistry?

The study of the chemical processes occurring within and relating to living organisms.

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What are mitochondria?

Mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell, responsible for generating energy through cellular respiration.

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What are ribosomes?

Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis in the cell.

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What is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a network of membranes involved in protein and lipid synthesis, as well as detoxification.

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What is the Golgi apparatus?

The Golgi apparatus is a stack of flattened sacs that modifies, packages, and sorts proteins and lipids into vesicles.

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What are lysosomes?

Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles that contain enzymes for the breakdown of cellular waste products.

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Study Notes

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells

  • Prokaryotic cells are 1-10 µm in size.
  • Eukaryotic cells are 10-100 µm in size.
  • Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus. DNA is in a nucleoid region.
  • Prokaryotic cells have plasmids, small circular DNA that often carry antibiotic resistance genes.
  • Eukaryotic cells have DNA inside a membrane-bound nucleus.
  • Prokaryotic cells have 70S ribosomes.
  • Eukaryotic cells have 70S ribosomes in the mitochondria and chloroplasts, and 80S ribosomes in the cytoplasm.
  • Eukaryotic organelles are compartmentalized by membranes.

Organelles and Their Functions

  • Nucleus: Double membrane with nuclear pores, contains nucleolus which is the site of rRNA (ribosomal RNA) synthesis. Controls cell activities by regulating transcription.
  • Mitochondria: Site of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) synthesis through aerobic respiration. Inner membrane forms cristae, and the matrix has enzymes for the Krebs cycle.
  • Ribosomes: Free in cytoplasm (makes proteins for internal use), or attached to rough ER (makes proteins for secretion).
  • Rough ER: Processes and folds proteins synthesized by bound ribosomes.
  • Smooth ER: Synthesizes lipids, steroids, and detoxifies harmful substances.
  • Golgi Apparatus: Modifies, packages, and sorts proteins and lipids into vesicles, and forms lysosomes.
  • Lysosomes: Contain hydrolytic enzymes for digestion (autophagy and autolysis).
  • Chloroplasts (plant cells): Photosynthesis occurs in the thylakoid membranes and stroma.
  • Vacuole (plant cells): Contains cell sap (storage for ions and sugars). Maintains turgor pressure for structural support.
  • Cytoskeleton (all cells): Composed of microtubules (shape, transport), microfilaments (movement, cytokinesis), and intermediate filaments (mechanical strength).

Microscopy

  • Light Microscopy: Magnification up to x1500; resolution ~200nm. Can observe live specimens.
  • Electron Microscopy: Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) has high resolution, observes internal details. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) gives 3D images of surfaces.

Cells are Basic Units of Life

  • Cells are the smallest structural and functional units of life.
  • All living organisms are made of cells; cells arise from pre-existing cells.
  • The cell is the basic unit of structure and function.

Cell Biology and Microscopy

  • Microscopy is essential for studying cell structure.
  • Light microscopy magnification is up to x1500
  • Light microscope resolution is ~200nm
  • Stains enhance contrast (e.g., iodine for plant cells).

Plant and Animal Cells

  • Visible structures in plant cells: Cell wall, plasma membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, chloroplasts, large central vacuole.
  • Visible structures in animal cells: Plasma membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm.

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Description

Explore the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells through this informative quiz. Test your understanding of their sizes, structures, and organelles. Delve into cell functions and relationship with DNA in both cell types.

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