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Questions and Answers
What are the main differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?
What are the main differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?
Eukaryotic cells contain a membrane-bound nucleus (true nucleus) while prokaryotic cells do not have a true nucleus.
Which of the following statements is true regarding bacteria?
Which of the following statements is true regarding bacteria?
The cell envelope includes: _____, cell wall, and cell (plasma) membrane.
The cell envelope includes: _____, cell wall, and cell (plasma) membrane.
capsule
What are the functions of the ribosomes?
What are the functions of the ribosomes?
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What is the role of flagella?
What is the role of flagella?
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What are the functions of the cell membrane?
What are the functions of the cell membrane?
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What is an endospore?
What is an endospore?
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Which of the following describes normal flora?
Which of the following describes normal flora?
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List two advantages of normal flora.
List two advantages of normal flora.
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What can cause normal flora to become pathogenic?
What can cause normal flora to become pathogenic?
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Define colonization.
Define colonization.
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What is the definition of a carrier?
What is the definition of a carrier?
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What is sterilization?
What is sterilization?
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What is disinfection?
What is disinfection?
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When is hand washing indicated?
When is hand washing indicated?
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Match the following items with their risk categories:
Match the following items with their risk categories:
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What are the transmission routes for HBV?
What are the transmission routes for HBV?
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Which of the following are complications of HBV?
Which of the following are complications of HBV?
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What is the primary approach to prevent HBV?
What is the primary approach to prevent HBV?
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Name one hygienic measure for preventing HBV.
Name one hygienic measure for preventing HBV.
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List one method to prevent catheter-related infections.
List one method to prevent catheter-related infections.
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Study Notes
Cell Types Comparison
- Eukaryotic cells have a membrane-bound nucleus, known as a true nucleus.
- Prokaryotic cells contain no true nucleus; DNA is in the cytoplasm.
- Bacteria are unicellular organisms with DNA and RNA, classified as prokaryotic.
- Viruses are acellular entities comprising either DNA or RNA and are obligate intracellular pathogens.
Cell Envelope Structure
- The cell envelope consists of three components:
- Capsule
- Cell wall
- Cell (Plasma) membrane
Functions of Cellular Structures
- Cell Wall: Provides shape and osmotic protection.
- Ribosomes: Site for protein synthesis.
- Flagella: Enables movement of the cell.
- Pili: Facilitates attachment to surfaces.
Cell Membrane Functions
- Transports nutrients into the cell.
- Eliminates waste from the cell.
- Contains enzymes crucial for respiration.
Endospore Characteristics
- An endospore is the dormant, inactive form of a bacterium.
- It resists extreme conditions including:
- Dryness
- High temperatures
- Bactericidal agents
- Nutritional deficiencies
Types of Normal Flora
- Resident Flora: Permanently inhabits body sites, resistant to removal by routine hygiene.
- Transient Flora: Temporarily present, can be removed through routine hygiene practices.
Advantages of Normal Flora
- Synthesizes vitamins beneficial to the host.
- Prevents pathogen entry through:
- Physical occupation of niches
- Nutrient competition
- Production of antibacterial substances
Transition of Normal Flora to Pathogenic State
- Normal flora can become pathogenic if:
- Host immunity is compromised.
- Flora accesses new tissue sites.
- Prolonged use of antibiotics alters the flora balance.
Definitions of Key Terms
- Colonization: Multiplication of organism on a body surface without tissue invasion or disease.
- Infection: Involves multiplication within tissues, leading to tissue invasion and disease.
- Carrier: An asymptomatic individual harboring a pathogenic organism, capable of transmission.
Sterilization and Disinfection
- Sterilization: Complete destruction of all microorganisms, including spores.
- Disinfection: Reducing pathogenic microorganisms to non-harmful levels, not necessarily including spores.
Autoclave Monitoring
- Monitoring includes physical aspects such as pressure, temperature, and cycle duration.
- Utilizes chemical indicators and biological indicators to ensure effective sterilization.
Handwashing Guidelines
- Required when hands are visibly dirty or contaminated with blood/body fluids.
- Necessary when exposure to spore-forming organisms is suspected or confirmed.
Item Risk Categorization
- Critical Items: High-risk items that penetrate sterile tissues; require sterilization.
- Semi-Critical Items: Intermediate risk items that contact intact mucous membranes; undergo disinfection.
- Non-Critical Items: Low-risk items that only come into contact with intact skin; cleaning and drying typically suffice.
Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)
- Transmission Modes: Blood, sexual intercourse, perinatal routes.
- Complications: Can include asymptomatic cases, chronic carriers, chronic active hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
- Clinical Presentations: Symptoms include fever and jaundice.
HBV Prevention Strategies
- Active Immunization: Three intramuscular doses (0, 1, and 6 months) in appropriate muscle site based on age.
- Passive Immunization: Administering HBIG with the vaccine for post-exposure prophylaxis.
- Hygienic Measures: Standard safety practices to prevent transmission.
Prevention of Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections (CAUTI)
- Use catheters only when necessary.
- Remove catheters promptly when no longer needed.
- Ensure aseptic technique during insertion.
- Maintain a closed drainage system.
- Ensure unobstructed urinary flow.
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Description
Test your knowledge of cell types, their structures, and functions with this quiz on prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Explore the differences between these cellular forms and understand key components like the cell wall, membranes, and endospores.
