Cell Biology: Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cells

Questions and Answers

What are the main differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

Eukaryotic cells contain a membrane-bound nucleus (true nucleus) while prokaryotic cells do not have a true nucleus.

Which of the following statements is true regarding bacteria?

Bacteria contain both DNA and RNA. (correct)

Bacteria are acellular.

Bacteria have a true nucleus.

Bacteria are multicellular organisms.

The cell envelope includes: _____, cell wall, and cell (plasma) membrane.

capsule

What are the functions of the ribosomes?

Protein synthesis. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of flagella?

Movement. Signup and view all the answers

What are the functions of the cell membrane?

Transport of nutrients into the cell, transport of waste out of the cell, and contain enzymes of respiration. Signup and view all the answers

What is an endospore?

An inactive form of bacteria that resists adverse environmental conditions. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes normal flora?

They are not removed by routine hand hygiene. Signup and view all the answers

List two advantages of normal flora.

They synthesize vitamins and prevent the entry of pathogens. Signup and view all the answers

What can cause normal flora to become pathogenic?

Lowered immunity, gaining access to a different site, or prolonged antibiotic use. Signup and view all the answers

Define colonization.

Multiplication of an organism on a body surface of the host without tissue invasion. Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of a carrier?

A person who carries a pathogenic organism but has no symptoms. Signup and view all the answers

What is sterilization?

A process of removing all microorganisms. Signup and view all the answers

What is disinfection?

Reduction of pathogenic microorganisms. Signup and view all the answers

When is hand washing indicated?

When hands are visibly dirty. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following items with their risk categories:

Critical Items = High risk items that penetrate sterile tissues. Semi-Critical Items = Intermediate risk items that contact mucous membranes. Non-Critical Items = Low risk items that contact intact skin. Signup and view all the answers

What are the transmission routes for HBV?

Blood. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are complications of HBV?

All of the above. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary approach to prevent HBV?

Active immunization with 3 doses at 0, 1, and 6 months. Signup and view all the answers

Name one hygienic measure for preventing HBV.

Implementation of careful hygienic practices. Signup and view all the answers

List one method to prevent catheter-related infections.

Use aseptic technique during catheter insertion. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cell Types Comparison

Eukaryotic cells have a membrane-bound nucleus, known as a true nucleus.
Prokaryotic cells contain no true nucleus; DNA is in the cytoplasm.
Bacteria are unicellular organisms with DNA and RNA, classified as prokaryotic.
Viruses are acellular entities comprising either DNA or RNA and are obligate intracellular pathogens.

Cell Envelope Structure

The cell envelope consists of three components:
- Capsule
- Cell wall
- Cell (Plasma) membrane

Functions of Cellular Structures

Cell Wall: Provides shape and osmotic protection.
Ribosomes: Site for protein synthesis.
Flagella: Enables movement of the cell.
Pili: Facilitates attachment to surfaces.

Cell Membrane Functions

Transports nutrients into the cell.
Eliminates waste from the cell.
Contains enzymes crucial for respiration.

Endospore Characteristics

An endospore is the dormant, inactive form of a bacterium.
It resists extreme conditions including:
- Dryness
- High temperatures
- Bactericidal agents
- Nutritional deficiencies

Types of Normal Flora

Resident Flora: Permanently inhabits body sites, resistant to removal by routine hygiene.
Transient Flora: Temporarily present, can be removed through routine hygiene practices.

Advantages of Normal Flora

Synthesizes vitamins beneficial to the host.
Prevents pathogen entry through:
- Physical occupation of niches
- Nutrient competition
- Production of antibacterial substances

Transition of Normal Flora to Pathogenic State

Normal flora can become pathogenic if:
- Host immunity is compromised.
- Flora accesses new tissue sites.
- Prolonged use of antibiotics alters the flora balance.

Definitions of Key Terms

Colonization: Multiplication of organism on a body surface without tissue invasion or disease.
Infection: Involves multiplication within tissues, leading to tissue invasion and disease.
Carrier: An asymptomatic individual harboring a pathogenic organism, capable of transmission.

Sterilization and Disinfection

Sterilization: Complete destruction of all microorganisms, including spores.
Disinfection: Reducing pathogenic microorganisms to non-harmful levels, not necessarily including spores.

Autoclave Monitoring

Monitoring includes physical aspects such as pressure, temperature, and cycle duration.
Utilizes chemical indicators and biological indicators to ensure effective sterilization.

Handwashing Guidelines

Required when hands are visibly dirty or contaminated with blood/body fluids.
Necessary when exposure to spore-forming organisms is suspected or confirmed.

Item Risk Categorization

Critical Items: High-risk items that penetrate sterile tissues; require sterilization.
Semi-Critical Items: Intermediate risk items that contact intact mucous membranes; undergo disinfection.
Non-Critical Items: Low-risk items that only come into contact with intact skin; cleaning and drying typically suffice.

Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)

Transmission Modes: Blood, sexual intercourse, perinatal routes.
Complications: Can include asymptomatic cases, chronic carriers, chronic active hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
Clinical Presentations: Symptoms include fever and jaundice.

HBV Prevention Strategies

Active Immunization: Three intramuscular doses (0, 1, and 6 months) in appropriate muscle site based on age.
Passive Immunization: Administering HBIG with the vaccine for post-exposure prophylaxis.
Hygienic Measures: Standard safety practices to prevent transmission.

Prevention of Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections (CAUTI)

Use catheters only when necessary.
Remove catheters promptly when no longer needed.
Ensure aseptic technique during insertion.
Maintain a closed drainage system.
Ensure unobstructed urinary flow.

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Description

Test your knowledge of cell types, their structures, and functions with this quiz on prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Explore the differences between these cellular forms and understand key components like the cell wall, membranes, and endospores.