Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is a key characteristic of double-barreled questions?
What is a key characteristic of double-barreled questions?
Reversing the wording of some items in a survey is unnecessary and can be ignored.
Reversing the wording of some items in a survey is unnecessary and can be ignored.
False
What is an example of a neutral question?
What is an example of a neutral question?
Are you in favor of reducing the budget?
Avoid using _____ questions that sway opinions by using emotionally charged words.
Avoid using _____ questions that sway opinions by using emotionally charged words.
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Match the concept with its description:
Match the concept with its description:
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Which of the following is a characteristic of closed-ended items?
Which of the following is a characteristic of closed-ended items?
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Open-ended items are more effortful for participants than closed-ended items.
Open-ended items are more effortful for participants than closed-ended items.
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What is a Likert scale commonly used for?
What is a Likert scale commonly used for?
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In survey design, demographic items are typically placed at the _____ of the questionnaire.
In survey design, demographic items are typically placed at the _____ of the questionnaire.
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Match the survey item type with its characteristic:
Match the survey item type with its characteristic:
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What is a potential risk of closed-ended survey items?
What is a potential risk of closed-ended survey items?
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The order of questions in a survey can affect the responses given to later questions.
The order of questions in a survey can affect the responses given to later questions.
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What should be considered when designing a continuous rating scale?
What should be considered when designing a continuous rating scale?
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What type of measure involves observing behavior in natural settings?
What type of measure involves observing behavior in natural settings?
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All measures of variables are completely accurate.
All measures of variables are completely accurate.
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What is a true score in the context of measurement?
What is a true score in the context of measurement?
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_________ measures assess bodily states like heart rate and brain activity.
_________ measures assess bodily states like heart rate and brain activity.
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Match the type of measure with its description:
Match the type of measure with its description:
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Which method assesses the reliability of a self-report measure?
Which method assesses the reliability of a self-report measure?
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Measurement error is the difference between the true score and the obtained score.
Measurement error is the difference between the true score and the obtained score.
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What is the purpose of operationalizing variables in measurement?
What is the purpose of operationalizing variables in measurement?
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Which type of graph is best for displaying parts of a whole?
Which type of graph is best for displaying parts of a whole?
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Bar graphs are effective for comparing different categories.
Bar graphs are effective for comparing different categories.
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What type of graph is used to show the relationship between two numerical variables?
What type of graph is used to show the relationship between two numerical variables?
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A _______ graph is specifically used to show changes in data over time.
A _______ graph is specifically used to show changes in data over time.
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Match the graph type with its corresponding function:
Match the graph type with its corresponding function:
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Which of the following statements about line graphs is incorrect?
Which of the following statements about line graphs is incorrect?
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Truncating an axis can enhance the perceived differences in data representation.
Truncating an axis can enhance the perceived differences in data representation.
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What does a histogram illustrate in a dataset?
What does a histogram illustrate in a dataset?
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What is the goal of using a sample in research?
What is the goal of using a sample in research?
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Stratified random sampling identifies important subgroups to ensure representation in the sample.
Stratified random sampling identifies important subgroups to ensure representation in the sample.
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What common sampling method uses readily available participants?
What common sampling method uses readily available participants?
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In a study, if everyone has an equal chance of participating, it is called _____ sampling.
In a study, if everyone has an equal chance of participating, it is called _____ sampling.
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Match the sampling methods with their definitions:
Match the sampling methods with their definitions:
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What is a disadvantage of using university students as research participants?
What is a disadvantage of using university students as research participants?
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Voluntary participation can lead to volunteer bias in research.
Voluntary participation can lead to volunteer bias in research.
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What term describes the failure of a sample to accurately represent the population due to selection bias?
What term describes the failure of a sample to accurately represent the population due to selection bias?
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The group from which a sample is drawn is known as the _____ population.
The group from which a sample is drawn is known as the _____ population.
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of individuals likely to volunteer for studies?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of individuals likely to volunteer for studies?
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What is a primary cause of psychological problems, according to the content?
What is a primary cause of psychological problems, according to the content?
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Confirmation bias occurs when individuals actively seek evidence that contradicts their existing beliefs.
Confirmation bias occurs when individuals actively seek evidence that contradicts their existing beliefs.
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What impact does wishful thinking have on beliefs?
What impact does wishful thinking have on beliefs?
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During full moons, psychiatric admissions and _____ rates are said to rise.
During full moons, psychiatric admissions and _____ rates are said to rise.
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What is a heuristic?
What is a heuristic?
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Match the following concepts with their definitions:
Match the following concepts with their definitions:
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The open science movement aims to decrease the replicability of scientific findings.
The open science movement aims to decrease the replicability of scientific findings.
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What do scientists do to counter their susceptibility to intuitive but inaccurate beliefs?
What do scientists do to counter their susceptibility to intuitive but inaccurate beliefs?
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In research, a P value less than _____ indicates a statistically significant result.
In research, a P value less than _____ indicates a statistically significant result.
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Which of the following can create false positives in research?
Which of the following can create false positives in research?
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Study Notes
Professional Development
- Psychology degree holders can pursue careers in human resources, market research, immigration, government research, advertising, case work, sales, media buying, travel agent, and consulting roles.
- Common professional programs offered include counselling, social work, etc.
- Employers value communication skills, including clear writing, persuasive speaking, and attentive listening. A strong work ethic and high ethical standards are also important.
- Effective time management and initiative are crucial for success in the workforce.
- Working productively with others, strong interpersonal skills, and conflict management skills are essential teamwork skills.
Graduate Programs
- Commonly available graduate degree programmes are Master's and Ph.D.
- Master's are terminal or non-terminal Master's.
- Examples include counselling and social work.
- Ph.D's generally take 5-7 years combined with a Master's degree and can be focused on clinical or non-clinical fields.
Academic Success
- Reading for comprehension is key, involve distractions-free settings and summarized key points.
- Effective note-taking involves looking up unknown terms and connecting concepts. Organized ideas and familiarity are important.
- Using spaced practise and flash cards is beneficial for remembering details
- Time management is essential through breaking down tasks, and creating realistic plans beyond estimates.
- Learning involves creating a learning style that works best for the subject.
- Building professional networks is essential with office hours and engaging in discussions. Attending departmental or conferences events and networking across web/other platforms can support this.
- Choose a research lab that aligns with your interests.
Survey Research
- Self-report surveys involve individuals reporting their own thoughts, feelings, and behaviours.
- Obtaining large random samples is ideal for generalizability.
- Interviewing is a costly method of collecting data that can be structured or unstructured.
- Obtaining clear and concise responses and avoiding social desirability is essential
- Questionnaires in electronic or paper format are more affordable with fewer social desirability.
Questionnaire Design
- Valid survey questions should be BRUSO (Brief, Relevant, Unambiguous, Specific, and Objective).
- Avoid long runs of phrases, irrelevant terms, vagueness or imprecise wording, and emotionally charged question wording.
- Avoid double-barreled questions and negative wording. Questions should be neutral.
- Reverse the wording of some items to avoid biases.
- The order of questions can bias responses.
Open-ended versus Closed-ended Items
- Closed-ended questions provide a limited set of response options.
- This method is quick and easy to score. Risk of missing information should be taken account of when designing questions
- Open-ended questions allow for more comprehensive answers.
- A wide range of answers will be produced, making scoring difficult.
Sampling Issues
- A population includes all individuals of interest (e.g. children in a specific area)
- A sample is a subset of the population.
- Representative samples accurately reflect the characteristics of the population.
- Random sampling gives every member of the population an equal chance of being selected. This method of sampling is ideal to accurately reflect the characteristics of the population.
- Non-random sampling methods are often used when random sampling is not possible or practical
Ethics in Research
- Research participants must provide free, informed consent.
- Studies must not contain any excessive risk, or require any unnecessary procedures.
- Risks or any harm that may occur should be mitigated where possible.
- Fairness to all participants must be prioritized and compensation should be fairly distributed across groups when appropriate.
- Research ethics boards (IRBs) evaluate studies involving human participants to ensure their ethical conduct.
- Researchers must uphold ethical standards by providing informed consent and reducing any potential harm.
Psychology as a Science
- Psychology seeks to describe, explain, and predict human behavior and mental processes.
- Psychology employs systematic observation and rational thought in testing hypotheses.
- Gathering and sharing data and analyses are crucial steps in the process of scientific inquiry to allow further analysis by other researchers.
- Scientific research aims to establish generalizable understanding about the nature of human behavior and mental processing.
- Psychological theories establish a general framework for understanding specific issues, however, they often lack practical application in daily life.
- There are several methods for investigating these psychological processes including experimental methods and surveys that identify variables.
Theories
- Theories are models that explain behaviors and are supported by data.
- Good theories are parsimonious and adequately explain observed findings. Theories should include several hypotheses that can also be tested.
- Theories evolve and change as new data and research emerge.
- They are valuable for understanding human behavior and mental processes.
Studying That Suits You
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Description
This quiz explores various career paths available for psychology graduates, including roles in human resources, consulting, and market research. It also covers essential skills valued by employers such as communication, time management, and teamwork. Additionally, the quiz discusses graduate program options like Master's and Ph.D. degrees in relevant fields.
