Forensic Psychology Test Review
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Questions and Answers

Which of these is NOT considered a difficulty with self-incrimination in criminal profiling?

  • Profilers may struggle to accurately interpret the suspect's verbal behavior.
  • Individuals may be more likely to provide false information to protect themselves.
  • Law enforcement agencies often prioritize public safety over protecting individual rights. (correct)
  • Suspects may be hesitant to provide information that could incriminate them.

    • Criminal profiling is widely documented and its effectiveness is well-established.

    False (B)

    What are the two main approaches to criminal profiling discussed in the provided text?

    Deductive profiling and inductive profiling.

    The ______ approach to profiling focuses on analyzing the crime scene and offender's behavior to draw inferences about their personality and characteristics.

    <p>deductive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following characteristics with the corresponding type of offender:

    <p>Plans the crime in advance = Organized offender Behaves haphazardly and impulsively = Disorganized offender Leaves little evidence at the scene = Organized offender May exhibit a mix of organized and disorganized traits = Difficult to categorize Shows restraint and control at the crime scene = Organized offender May mutilate or reposition the victim's body = Disorganized offender</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a clue that someone might be malingering psychosis?

    <p>Showing a consistent pattern of behavior during interviews and non-interview situations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Structured Interview of Reported Symptoms (SIRs) is a self-report personality inventory designed to detect malingering.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of memory retrieval?

    <p>Recall memory and Recognition memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of taking information out of storage is called ______.

    <p>retrieval</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following variables in eyewitness research with their respective categories:

    <p>Estimator variable = Lighting conditions at the crime scene System variable = Amount of time the witness had to observe the event</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common reason for malingering?

    <p>Gain sympathy from friends (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Anti-anxiety drugs significantly reduce the effectiveness of the polygraph.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the P300 component used in event-related brain potentials (ERP)?

    <p>Detect guilty knowledge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The use of thermal imaging in deception detection relies on the principle of detecting facial ______ due to blood flow.

    <p>warming</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following verbal cues with their potential association to deception:

    <p>Higher voice pitch = Increased nervousness Increased speech disturbance = Less fluency Slower speech = Increased planning Less details provided = Less credible story</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a general stage of the Reid Model?

    <p>Develop a strategy for prosecution (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Reid Model is only used for interrogation in the United States.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main categories of techniques used in the Reid Model?

    <p>Minimization and Maximization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Reid Model aims to make the anxiety associated with ________ greater than the anxiety associated with confession.

    <p>deception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the Reid technique with its description:

    <p>Confront suspect with guilt = Accusatorially present evidence, implying the suspect's guilt Allow suspect to rationalize = Give the suspect a chance to explain why they acted, potentially downplaying their culpability Interrupt denials = Cut off any denials of involvement, preventing the suspect from building a defense Overcome suspect's objections to charges = Address any objections the suspect has to the accusations, potentially creating a sense of understanding Don't let suspect tune out = Engage the suspect and maintain their attention, preventing them from disengaging Sympathy, understanding = Express empathy for the suspect's situation, potentially creating a bond and lowering their defenses Offer explanations = Provide possible justifications for the crime, making it easier for the suspect to confess Develop admission into full crime = Guide the suspect to acknowledge involvement, gradually leading them towards a full confession Get suspect to write and sign full confession = Obtain a written and signed confession, providing strong legal evidence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are potential problems associated with the Reid Model?

    <p>All of the above (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ultimately, the judge decides whether a confession is admissible in court.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main stages involved in the PEACE model?

    <p>Planning &amp; preparation, Engage &amp; explain, Account, Closure, Evaluation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Innocence Project, approximately 25% of exonerated individuals made false confessions.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three main types of false confessions?

    <p>Voluntary, Coerced-Compliant, Coerced-Internalized</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A false confession is a confession that is either intentionally fabricated or not based on actual knowledge of the facts forming its ______.

    <p>content</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of false confession with its example:

    <p>Voluntary = JonBenét Ramsey case Coerced-Compliant = Central Park Five Coerced-Internalized = Paul Ingram</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some common reasons why people might make a voluntary false confession?

    <p>Desire for notoriety, inability to distinguish fact from fantasy, protecting the real offender, need to be punished (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Coerced-compliant confessions are made when individuals believe they are responsible for the crime.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some factors that can contribute to wrongful convictions based on false confessions?

    <p>Misleading specialized knowledge, tunnel vision and confirmation bias, motivational biases, emotion, institutional influences, lack of knowledge, progressive constriction of relevant evidence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the case of Paul Ingram, he was persuaded by highly suggestive questions to falsely confess to sexual abuse allegations. This is an example of a ______ false confession.

    <p>Coerced-Internalized</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Forensic Psychology Test Review

    • Forensic psychology is defined in two ways:
      • Narrow definition: Clinical practices in forensic settings (assessment, consultation, treatment). Excludes research.
      • Broad definition: Research endeavors and/or professional practices examining human behavior in the legal system, including social, cognitive, personality, organizational, and developmental psychology.

    Roles of a Forensic Psychologist

    • Clinical Forensic Psychologist: Focuses on mental health of people related to legal system. Training includes M.A. or Ph.D. in clinical psychology and internships.
    • Experimental Forensic Psychologist: Research focus on human behavior and the law. Training includes a Ph.D. in psychology with potential law training (e.g., LL.B.).
    • Legal Scholar Forensic Psychologist: Research and analysis focus on mental health law and policy. Training includes a Ph.D. in psychology with legal training (e.g., LL.B.).

    History of Forensic Psychology

    • Early research by Cattell (1895) demonstrated that everyday observations of memory are often inaccurate.
    • Binet (1900) developed intelligence tests for children.
    • Stern (1910) studied eyewitness testimony and arousal, linking stress with potential false memories.
    • Von Schrenck-Notzing (1896) in Europe showed that pre-trial publicity can lead to retroactive memory falsification.

    History of Forensic Psychology Continued

    • Varendonck (1911): children's testimony is susceptible to suggestiveness during interrogations.
    • Munsterberg (1908): discussed the role of psychology within legal systems.
    • State v. Driver (1921) US case where a psychologist offered expert testimony.
    • Brown v. Board of Education (1954) US case related to school segregation.
    • Jenkins v. United States (1962) US case related to psychologist qualifications.
    • Canadian courts slower to use psychologists as experts.

    Admissibility Criteria

    • Frye v. United States (1923) established the general acceptance test for novel scientific evidence used in court.
    • Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals (1993). Standards for admissibility of expert testimony (validity, relevance, reliability, adherence to professional standards).
    • R v. Mohan (1994) added to Canadian standards for expert testimony (relevance, helpfulness, reliability, and qualification of expert).

    Police Psychology and Selection

    • Police selection processes often involve job analysis to define important knowledge, skill, and abilities (KSAs) for a police officer.
    • Selection methods frequently used: Intelligence tests, personality tests, psychological/psychiatric screening , background checks, and selection interviews.
    • Importance of Cognitive ability, personality, job-related skills in police applicant evaluation.

    Police Selection Process

    • The process includes two main stages: job analysis (defines important KSAs) and construction/validation of measures of KSAs (tests, interviews, etc.).
    • Issues include: KSAs may not be stable; different jobs require different KSAs; agreement on KSAs can be difficult.

    Police Psychology and Discretion

    • Police discretion involves using professional judgment to choose when to enforce the law.
    • Some laws require enforcement, but others are debatable and subject to interpretation by the officer.
    • Factors like case specifics, public opinion, other resources can influence discretion.
    • Concerns like racial profiling and encounters with individuals with mental illness raise ethical and logistical questions.

    Police Interrogation and Coercive Measures

    • Mr. Big example: Undercover police operations.
    • Interrogation Methods The Reid Model, involves three general stages: Evidence gathering, accusatorial interview, and obtaining confession.
      • Minimization techniques
      • Maximization techniques

    False Confessions

    • False confessions can be voluntary, coerced-compliant, or coerced-internalized.
    • Types of false confessions that may arise (voluntary, coerced-compliant, coerced-internalized).
    • False confession causes, including desire for notoriety, to protect someone else, or need for punishment.
    • Alternatives to Reid Model (Ex. PEACE model).
    • Factors that lead to false confessions and concerns (such as trial processes).

    Criminal Profiling

    • Criminal profiling analyzes crime scenes and offender behavior to develop profiles of potential perpetrators.
    • Deductive profiling works backward from known crimes to predict characteristics of the offender.
    • Inductive profiling identifies similar patterns across multiple solved cases.

    Polygraph and Other Measures

    • Polygraph tests have limitations and challenges in accuracy and admissibility..
    • Other measures like thermal imaging, event-related brain potentials (ERPs), and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) can detect deception but have limitations.

    Eyewitness Testimony and Memory

    • Memory encoding, storage, retrieval, and their effect on eyewitness testimony.
    • Issues such as contamination, misinformation effect (source misattribution), and memory impairment in eyewitness testimony.
    • Important procedures for conducting cognitive interviews and lineups to reduce mistakes in eyewitness testimony.

    Malingering

    • Malingering is the intentional feigning of symptoms for external gain.
    • Different motives and types of malingering, including to avoid punishment, gain access to benefits, or avoid duties.
    • Identifying malingering is challenging due to the variety of symptoms used, overlap of symptoms with legitimate disorders. Alternative methods for assessing malingering (e.g., criminological model, adaptational model).

    Lineup Procedures

    • Sequential lineups improve accuracy in eyewitness identification more than simultaneous procedures.
    • Lineup procedures, such as simultaneous vs sequential lineups.

    Factors Affecting Eyewitness Testimony and Identification

    • Issues in eyewitness identification and issues with lineups (ex. factors like witness confidence).
    • Factors affecting accuracy for certain groups (older adults and witnesses of a different race to the suspects, etc.).

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    Forensic Psychology Test #1 Review PDF

    Description

    This quiz reviews key concepts in forensic psychology, including definitions, roles, and specializations within the field. Understand the distinctions between clinical, experimental, and legal scholar forensic psychologists. Prepare for your exam with a focus on these vital topics.

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