Questions and Answers
What order has bilophodont molars?
Cercopithecoidea
What order has Y-5 molars?
Hominoidea
What is the scientific method?
The way of generating, testing, accepting, and/or rejecting hypotheses
What are the three basic steps of the scientific method?
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What does empirical mean?
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What does cranial mean in humans?
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What does caudal mean in humans?
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What does ventral mean in anatomical terms?
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What does dorsal mean in humans?
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What does medial mean?
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What does lateral mean?
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What does proximal mean?
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What does distal mean?
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What is the sagittal plane?
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What is the coronal plane?
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What is the transverse plane?
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What does mesial mean?
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What does distally mean?
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What does lingual mean?
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What does buccal mean?
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What is the occlusal surface?
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What does flexion mean?
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What does extension mean?
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What does abduction mean?
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What does adduction mean?
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What does rotation mean?
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What does pronation mean?
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What does supination mean?
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What are cranial elements?
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What are postcranial elements?
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What does phylogenetic refer to?
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What does phenetic refer to?
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What is the highest taxonomic level?
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What are lower taxonomic levels?
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What is a taxon?
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Who created the system of classifying organisms?
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What is the order of classification?
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What are primates?
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What is an apomorphic trait?
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What is a plesiomorphic trait?
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What does forward-facing eyes refer to?
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What does hair represent in mammalian traits?
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List three plesiomorphic traits.
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List some apomorphic traits of primates.
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What are the two suborders of Primates based on phylogeny?
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What do strepsirrhines include?
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What are traits that characterize strepsirrhines?
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What unique features do tarsiers possess?
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How are tarsiers classified regarding anthropoids?
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What are anthropoids further divided into?
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What are traits of anthropoids?
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What are Platyrrhini traits?
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What are Catarrhini traits?
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What are traits of Cercopithecoidea?
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What are the dietary adaptations of two subfamilies of Cercopithecoids?
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What does the family name end in?
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What does the subfamily name end in?
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What are traits of Colobinae?
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What are traits of Cercopithecinae?
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What are traits of Hominoidea?
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What does frugivorous mean?
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What is a key dietary trait of frugivores?
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What does folivorous mean?
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Why are leaves difficult to digest?
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What are secondary compounds?
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What is cellulose?
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What do folivores typically have?
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What is a sacculated stomach?
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What do some folivorous primates have?
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What makes folivores tend to be lethargic?
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What does gummivorous mean?
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What do some gummivorous primates possess?
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What do some gummivorous primates have on their hands and feet?
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What are cheek teeth used for?
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What do insectivores typically have regarding teeth?
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What do frugivores typically have regarding teeth?
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What do folivores typically have regarding teeth?
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What are anterior teeth used for?
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What does enamel thickness affect?
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What do species with thick enamel typically consume?
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What do species with thin molar enamel consume?
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What do other species, like insectivores, have?
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What is Kay's Threshold?
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What is a niche?
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What are niche axes?
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What are the two components of an ecological niche?
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Study Notes
Primate Classification and Dental Morphology
- Circopithecoidea: Order characterized by bilophodont molars.
- Hominoidea: Order characterized by Y-5 molars.
Scientific Method Overview
- Comprises the process of generating, testing, and evaluating hypotheses.
- Basic steps include: observing phenomena, generating hypotheses, and testing them empirically.
Anatomical Terminology
- Cranial: Toward the head.
- Caudal: Toward the tail.
- Ventral: Toward the belly; anterior in humans.
- Dorsal: Toward the back; posterior in humans.
- Medial: Toward the midline of the body.
- Lateral: Away from the midline.
- Proximal: Closer to the axial skeleton; often refers to limb bones.
- Distal: Farther from the axial skeleton.
Planes of the Body
- Sagittal Plane: Divides the body into right and left halves.
- Coronal Plane: Divides the body into anterior and posterior halves.
- Transverse Plane: Horizontal plane slicing through the body, perpendicular to sagittal and coronal planes.
Dental Terms in Primate Anatomy
- Mesial: Toward midline at the front of the mouth.
- Distal: Toward the back of each tooth row.
- Lingual: Toward the tongue;
- Buccal: Toward the cheek.
- Occlusal: The chewing surface of teeth.
Movement Terminology
- Flexion: Decreases the angle between body parts.
- Extension: Increases the angle; opposite of flexion.
- Abduction: Movement away from the midline.
- Adduction: Movement toward the midline.
- Rotation: Turning around the long axis of a body part.
- Pronation: Forearm motion turning the palm down.
- Supination: Forearm motion turning the palm up.
Taxonomic Classification
- Taxonomic Hierarchy: Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.
- Taxon: Each level of classification created by Carolus Linnaeus.
Primate Evolution and Traits
- Primate order is split into Strepsirrhini and Haplorhini (Anthropoids).
- Strepsirrhines include lemurs, lorises, and galagos; exhibit features like postorbital bars and grooming claws.
- Tarsiers have unique traits bridging strepsirrhines and anthropoids, including nocturnality.
- Anthropoids further divided into Platyrrhini (New World monkeys) and Catarrhini (Old World monkeys, apes, humans).
Dietary Adaptations in Primates
- Folivores: Primarily eat leaves, have sharp molar cusps and complex stomachs for digestion.
- Frugivores: Primarily eat fruits, possess broad, rounded molars for mashing.
- Insectivores: Target insects; generally small with sharp-cusped molars to slice exoskeletons.
- Graminivores: Primarily consume grasses, have durable molars.
- Gummivores: Eat plant exudates, often have specialized teeth for extracting gum.
Ecological Concepts
- Niche: The role of a species, including food acquisition methods and environmental interactions.
- Niche Partitioning: Similar species separate their niches to reduce competition, following the competitive exclusion principle, which states that no two species can coexist indefinitely on the same resource.
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Description
Explore the classification of primates with a focus on their dental morphology and anatomical terminology. This quiz covers key concepts in the scientific method and the anatomical planes of the body, providing a comprehensive understanding of primate biology. Test your knowledge and vocabulary related to this fascinating subject!