Primate Classification Chapter 10

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Questions and Answers

What are common names used to describe?

Types of furniture

Types of vehicles

Types of dogs (correct)

Types of technology

What is the formal name of an organism that is always written in italics?

Scientific name

Who invented the system of classification we use today?

Linnaeus

What is a two-part naming system called?

Binomial nomenclature Signup and view all the answers

What is a level of Linnaeus' naming system of classification?

Taxon Signup and view all the answers

What is the science of classification and nomenclature?

Taxonomy Signup and view all the answers

What classification system indicates evolutionary relationships among organisms?

Phylogeny Signup and view all the answers

What are traits shared among organisms due to common adaptation, but not recent common ancestry called?

Analogous characters/traits Signup and view all the answers

What are traits shared by organisms because they have a recent common ancestor called?

Homologous characters/traits Signup and view all the answers

What form of classification is based on evolutionary lineages and focuses on shared derived traits?

Cladistic Taxonomic Classification Signup and view all the answers

What is a form of classification that considers evolutionary lineage but also changes along a lineage?

Evolutionary Taxonomic Classification Signup and view all the answers

What traits classify mammals?

Hair, homeothermy, lactation, distinct epiphyses, one lower jawbone, diphyodont dentition, four-chambered heart Signup and view all the answers

How is a species defined?

A group of potentially interbreeding organisms capable of having fertile offspring Signup and view all the answers

What are the anatomical traits that define a certain type of mammal called?

Primate Traits Signup and view all the answers

What is the ability to flex and grasp with fingers called?

Prehensility Signup and view all the answers

What do prosimians have that is a thin bony enclosure of the eye orbit?

Postorbital bar Signup and view all the answers

What are primates that live and move in the trees called?

Arboreal primates Signup and view all the answers

What is the group that includes lemurs, lorises, and tarsiers called?

Prosimian/Prosimii Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the group that includes monkeys, apes, and humans?

Anthropoidea Signup and view all the answers

What is a longer snout with whiskers and a wet nose that is found in lemurs and lorises called?

Rhinarium Signup and view all the answers

What type of claw is found in lemurs on the second digit of the foot?

Grooming claw Signup and view all the answers

What looks like a small hair comb attached to the mandible in prosimians?

Tooth comb Signup and view all the answers

What type of primate can fit into both the Prosimian and Anthropoidea classifications?

Tarsier Signup and view all the answers

What traits do monkeys, apes, and humans share?

Larger body-to-brain size, small ears, fused mandible, square molar teeth Signup and view all the answers

What term describes activities done during daylight?

Diurnal Signup and view all the answers

What term describes activities done during nighttime?

Nocturnal Signup and view all the answers

What are the monkeys with sideways facing nostrils called?

New World Monkeys Signup and view all the answers

A tail that can grasp is called a ______.

Prehensile tail Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Classification Terminology

Common names are familiar terms used for various types of animals and plants.
Scientific names are formal names of organisms, always written in italics for distinction.
Linnaeus developed the modern system of biological classification, which is foundational in taxonomy.
Binomial nomenclature is a two-part naming system that gives each species a unique identifier.

Taxonomy and Classification Systems

Taxon refers to any level in Linnaeus' classification hierarchy.
Taxonomy is the science encompassing the categorization and naming of living organisms.
Phylogeny indicates the evolutionary relationships among different organisms.

Character Traits in Classification

Analogous characters are traits shared due to common adaptations, not recent ancestry.
Homologous characters are traits derived from a recent common ancestor, passed down through generations.

Methods of Taxonomic Classification

Cladistic Taxonomic Classification relies on evolutionary lineages and shared derived traits, focusing primarily on branching events in evolution.
Evolutionary Taxonomic Classification also considers evolutionary relationships and the changes that occur along lineages (anagenetic evolution).

Mammalian and Primate Traits

Mammalian traits include hair, warm-bloodedness, lactation, a four-chambered heart, and diphyodont dentition (two sets of teeth).
Primate traits involve five digits on hands and feet, opposable thumbs, nails instead of claws, and a larger brain-to-body mass ratio compared to other mammals.

Distinct Primate Features

Prehensility is the ability to grasp with fingers, essential for primate adaptation.
The postorbital bar is a bony structure around the eye orbit, present in prosimians.
Arboreal primates are species that primarily live and navigate in trees.

Primate Groups

Prosimian (Prosimii) includes lemurs, lorises, and tarsiers, characterized by triangular molars and large eye orbits for nocturnal activity.
Anthropoids (Anthropoidea) comprise monkeys, apes, and humans, sharing similarities in traits like larger brain size and reduced olfactory capabilities.

Additional Distinctive Traits

Rhinarium is a moist, elongated nose found in lemurs and lorises, enhancing their sense of smell.
Grooming claws are unique to lemurs and are present on the second digit of the foot, used for personal care.
The tooth comb, an elongation of lower incisors and canines, is utilized by prosimians for grooming.

Ecological Behavior

Tarsiers can be classified under both Prosimian and Anthropoid distinctions due to unique traits like their large eyes.
Diurnal signifies activities performed during daylight hours, while nocturnal refers to activities that occur at night.
New World Monkeys, or Platyrrhines, exhibit sideways-facing nostrils and primarily inhabit Mexico and South America.

Unique Adaptations

New World Monkeys possess prehensile tails, aiding in their arboreal lifestyle, enabling them to grasp branches while moving through trees.

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Test your knowledge of primate classification with these flashcards. You'll learn about common and scientific names, Linnaeus's contribution, and the binomial nomenclature system. Perfect for students studying biology or taxonomy.