30 Questions
What type of fracture involves one break within a vertebra?
Simple fracture
In a compressed fracture, what does the analogy of a 'grilled cheese sandwich' refer to?
Vertebral disc
What type of injury involves the vertebrae being shattered into many pieces?
Comminuted injury
What is the consequence of compression injuries on the spinal cord and nerves?
They are compressed
Which analogy best describes a comminuted vertebral injury?
Plate hitting the ground
What causes a compressed compression injury in the spine?
Direct blow to the back
What is the primary way brain injuries are related to?
Direct impact to the brain
What could secondary brain injuries be related to?
Increases in intracranial pressure
What type of injury involves the brain hitting some part of the cranium and then experiencing an equal and opposite reaction?
Coup contracoup injury
In coup contracoup injuries, what is a 'coup' injury?
The back of the brain hitting the back of the cranium
What happens during a 'contracoup' injury in coup contracoup injuries?
The front of the brain hits the front of the cranium
What type of movement is often associated with closed brain injuries?
Jostling or sharp, abrupt movements
What is one of the reasons patients experience muscle breakdown in rhabdomyolysis?
Increased metabolism
Why are patients experiencing cellular respiration in an anaerobic state?
Insufficient oxygen intake
What is the main reason therapeutic hypothermia may be induced?
To achieve therapeutic outcomes
Why does the body require more oxygen during increased activity in multiple body systems?
To meet the demands of increased cellular respiration and metabolism
What distinguishes therapeutic hypothermia from accidental hypothermia?
It involves inducing cold temperature for specific outcomes
How does increased muscle breakdown relate to the energy needs of a patient's body?
It increases the demand for energy due to muscle contractions and spasms
In autonomic dysreflexia, which of the following is a common trigger for the irregular activation of the autonomic nervous system?
GI system
Which dermatome level is most commonly associated with triggering autonomic dysreflexia?
T6
What is a common symptom of autonomic dysreflexia related to the skin?
Flushing
Which body part is mentioned as a potential trigger for autonomic dysreflexia in individuals with high-level injuries?
Legs
What physiological response occurs in the body during autonomic dysreflexia to raise the body temperature?
Shivering
How does the hypothalamus play a role in thermal regulatory changes like fever?
Regulates temperature increases
What is the most common trigger for malignant hypothermia mentioned in the text?
Allergic reaction to general anesthesia
In heat stroke, what happens to the body's ability for compensatory mechanisms?
It fails
What can occur if heat stroke is not addressed according to the text?
Increased body temperature
What temperature is considered indicative of malignant hyperthermia?
104 degrees or higher
What information can a family history of malignant hyperthermia provide according to the text?
Risk assessment for developing malignant hyperthermia
What symptom is triggered by the increased body temperature in malignant hyperthermia?
Intense rigor and shaking
Study Notes
Abnormal Spinal Movement and Vertebral Injuries
- Abnormal spinal movement can lead to spinal or vertebral injuries, including dislocation and fracture
- Types of fractures include:
- Simple fracture: a single break within a vertebra
- Compressed fracture: a vertebra is smashed into another, potentially causing the vertebral disc to be wedged, and compressing the spinal cord and nerves
- Comminuted fracture: a vertebra shatters into many pieces, often due to direct blows or trauma
Brain Injuries
- Primary brain injury: a direct offense to the brain, such as a bullet or gunshot wound
- Secondary brain injury: related to increases in intracranial pressure due to hyponatremia or fluid shifts
- Open and closed brain injuries: a direct blow to the brain or indirect injury due to jostling or sharp movements
- Coup and contracoup injuries: point of impact where the brain hits the cranium, and an equal and opposite reaction on the opposite side of the brain
Rhabdomyolysis and Muscle Breakdown
- Rhabdomyolysis: muscle breakdown due to increased metabolism, muscle contractions, and spasms
- Related to anaerobic state, where oxygen demand exceeds supply
Autonomic Dysreflexia
- Irregular triggering of the autonomic nervous system, often in patients with high-level injuries (T6 and above)
- Triggered by stimuli below the level of the injury, such as the GI system, bladder, or periphery
- Symptoms include hypertension, bradycardia, diaphoresis, and flushing
Thermal Regulatory Changes
- Hypothalamus regulates body temperature
- Fever: a response to infection, raising body temperature to kill off external organisms
- Patients with thermal regulatory changes may experience:
- Increased body temperature due to muscle breakdown and dehydration
- Failure of cooling mechanisms, such as vasodilation and sweating
- Heat stroke, which can be fatal if left untreated
Accidental Hypothermia and Malignant Hyperthermia
- Accidental hypothermia: increased body temperature due to external sources, not controlled by the hypothalamus
- Malignant hyperthermia: an allergic reaction to general anesthesia, often genetic in nature
- Symptoms include increased body temperature (often 104°F or higher), intense rigor, and shaking
Test your knowledge on primary and secondary brain injuries, with a focus on direct and indirect offenses to the brain. Learn about open and closed brain injuries in this quiz.
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