Podcast
Questions and Answers
What type of fracture involves one break within a vertebra?
What type of fracture involves one break within a vertebra?
In a compressed fracture, what does the analogy of a 'grilled cheese sandwich' refer to?
In a compressed fracture, what does the analogy of a 'grilled cheese sandwich' refer to?
What type of injury involves the vertebrae being shattered into many pieces?
What type of injury involves the vertebrae being shattered into many pieces?
What is the consequence of compression injuries on the spinal cord and nerves?
What is the consequence of compression injuries on the spinal cord and nerves?
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Which analogy best describes a comminuted vertebral injury?
Which analogy best describes a comminuted vertebral injury?
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What causes a compressed compression injury in the spine?
What causes a compressed compression injury in the spine?
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What is the primary way brain injuries are related to?
What is the primary way brain injuries are related to?
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What could secondary brain injuries be related to?
What could secondary brain injuries be related to?
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What type of injury involves the brain hitting some part of the cranium and then experiencing an equal and opposite reaction?
What type of injury involves the brain hitting some part of the cranium and then experiencing an equal and opposite reaction?
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In coup contracoup injuries, what is a 'coup' injury?
In coup contracoup injuries, what is a 'coup' injury?
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What happens during a 'contracoup' injury in coup contracoup injuries?
What happens during a 'contracoup' injury in coup contracoup injuries?
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What type of movement is often associated with closed brain injuries?
What type of movement is often associated with closed brain injuries?
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What is one of the reasons patients experience muscle breakdown in rhabdomyolysis?
What is one of the reasons patients experience muscle breakdown in rhabdomyolysis?
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Why are patients experiencing cellular respiration in an anaerobic state?
Why are patients experiencing cellular respiration in an anaerobic state?
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What is the main reason therapeutic hypothermia may be induced?
What is the main reason therapeutic hypothermia may be induced?
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Why does the body require more oxygen during increased activity in multiple body systems?
Why does the body require more oxygen during increased activity in multiple body systems?
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What distinguishes therapeutic hypothermia from accidental hypothermia?
What distinguishes therapeutic hypothermia from accidental hypothermia?
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How does increased muscle breakdown relate to the energy needs of a patient's body?
How does increased muscle breakdown relate to the energy needs of a patient's body?
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In autonomic dysreflexia, which of the following is a common trigger for the irregular activation of the autonomic nervous system?
In autonomic dysreflexia, which of the following is a common trigger for the irregular activation of the autonomic nervous system?
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Which dermatome level is most commonly associated with triggering autonomic dysreflexia?
Which dermatome level is most commonly associated with triggering autonomic dysreflexia?
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What is a common symptom of autonomic dysreflexia related to the skin?
What is a common symptom of autonomic dysreflexia related to the skin?
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Which body part is mentioned as a potential trigger for autonomic dysreflexia in individuals with high-level injuries?
Which body part is mentioned as a potential trigger for autonomic dysreflexia in individuals with high-level injuries?
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What physiological response occurs in the body during autonomic dysreflexia to raise the body temperature?
What physiological response occurs in the body during autonomic dysreflexia to raise the body temperature?
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How does the hypothalamus play a role in thermal regulatory changes like fever?
How does the hypothalamus play a role in thermal regulatory changes like fever?
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What is the most common trigger for malignant hypothermia mentioned in the text?
What is the most common trigger for malignant hypothermia mentioned in the text?
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In heat stroke, what happens to the body's ability for compensatory mechanisms?
In heat stroke, what happens to the body's ability for compensatory mechanisms?
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What can occur if heat stroke is not addressed according to the text?
What can occur if heat stroke is not addressed according to the text?
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What temperature is considered indicative of malignant hyperthermia?
What temperature is considered indicative of malignant hyperthermia?
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What information can a family history of malignant hyperthermia provide according to the text?
What information can a family history of malignant hyperthermia provide according to the text?
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What symptom is triggered by the increased body temperature in malignant hyperthermia?
What symptom is triggered by the increased body temperature in malignant hyperthermia?
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Study Notes
Abnormal Spinal Movement and Vertebral Injuries
- Abnormal spinal movement can lead to spinal or vertebral injuries, including dislocation and fracture
- Types of fractures include:
- Simple fracture: a single break within a vertebra
- Compressed fracture: a vertebra is smashed into another, potentially causing the vertebral disc to be wedged, and compressing the spinal cord and nerves
- Comminuted fracture: a vertebra shatters into many pieces, often due to direct blows or trauma
Brain Injuries
- Primary brain injury: a direct offense to the brain, such as a bullet or gunshot wound
- Secondary brain injury: related to increases in intracranial pressure due to hyponatremia or fluid shifts
- Open and closed brain injuries: a direct blow to the brain or indirect injury due to jostling or sharp movements
- Coup and contracoup injuries: point of impact where the brain hits the cranium, and an equal and opposite reaction on the opposite side of the brain
Rhabdomyolysis and Muscle Breakdown
- Rhabdomyolysis: muscle breakdown due to increased metabolism, muscle contractions, and spasms
- Related to anaerobic state, where oxygen demand exceeds supply
Autonomic Dysreflexia
- Irregular triggering of the autonomic nervous system, often in patients with high-level injuries (T6 and above)
- Triggered by stimuli below the level of the injury, such as the GI system, bladder, or periphery
- Symptoms include hypertension, bradycardia, diaphoresis, and flushing
Thermal Regulatory Changes
- Hypothalamus regulates body temperature
- Fever: a response to infection, raising body temperature to kill off external organisms
- Patients with thermal regulatory changes may experience:
- Increased body temperature due to muscle breakdown and dehydration
- Failure of cooling mechanisms, such as vasodilation and sweating
- Heat stroke, which can be fatal if left untreated
Accidental Hypothermia and Malignant Hyperthermia
- Accidental hypothermia: increased body temperature due to external sources, not controlled by the hypothalamus
- Malignant hyperthermia: an allergic reaction to general anesthesia, often genetic in nature
- Symptoms include increased body temperature (often 104°F or higher), intense rigor, and shaking
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Description
Test your knowledge on primary and secondary brain injuries, with a focus on direct and indirect offenses to the brain. Learn about open and closed brain injuries in this quiz.
