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Questions and Answers
How can aldehydes be prepared from acyl chloride?
By using H3O+.
What reagents can be used to prepare aldehydes from nitriles and esters?
H3O+, RCN, SnCl2, HCl, H2O, AlH(i-Bu)2.
How can ketones be prepared from nitriles?
By using H3O+, RCN, H2, CH3CH=CH2.
What are the methods for preparing ketones from benzene or substituted benzenes?
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Study Notes
Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones
From Acyl Chlorides
- Aldehydes can be prepared from acyl chlorides by treating them with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in the presence of a catalyst, such as potassium iodide (KI) or potassium bromide (KBr).
- This reaction is known as the Rosenmund reduction.
From Nitriles
- Aldehydes can be prepared from nitriles by treating them with diisobutylaluminium hydride (DIBAL-H) or lithium aluminium hydride (LiAlH4) in a reducing environment.
- Ketones can be prepared from nitriles by treating them with a strong base, such as sodium amide (NaNH2), followed by hydrolysis with water.
From Esters
- Aldehydes can be prepared from esters by treating them with diisobutylaluminium hydride (DIBAL-H) in a reducing environment.
From Benzene or Substituted Benzenes
- Ketones can be prepared from benzene or substituted benzenes by treating them with a strong oxidizing agent, such as chromium trioxide (CrO3) in the presence of sulfuric acid (H2SO4).
- This reaction is known as the Friedel-Crafts alkylation.
- Ketones can also be prepared from benzene or substituted benzenes by treating them with a alkyl halide in the presence of a Lewis acid, such as aluminium chloride (AlCl3).
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Description
Learn about the different methods of preparing aldehydes and ketones, including from acyl chlorides, nitriles, esters, hydrocarbons, and more. Understand the chemical reactions involved in each method.
