Pregnancy Overview and Physiological Changes
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Pregnancy Overview and Physiological Changes

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Questions and Answers

What is the average duration of pregnancy?

  • 40 weeks (correct)
  • 36 weeks
  • 44 weeks
  • 30 weeks

    • Morning sickness typically occurs during the second trimester.

    False

    What hormone is primarily responsible for inhibiting gastric motility during pregnancy?

    progesterone

    Increased blood volume during pregnancy can be ___% above pre-pregnancy levels.

    <p>100</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following physiological changes during pregnancy with their effects:

    <p>Increased GFR = Increased urination Progesterone levels = Decreased gastric motility Enlarging uterus = Compression of vena cava Increased blood volume = Enhancing oxygen transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which trimester is the most critical for the development of fetal abnormalities?

    <p>First trimester</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The respiratory minute volume decreases during the third trimester.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom experienced in the urinary system during pregnancy?

    <p>Increased urination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The increased pressure on the bladder during pregnancy results from the growing ___ pressing down.

    <p>fetus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage increase in red blood cell mass is typically observed during pregnancy?

    <p>110%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum cervical dilation required for labor?

    <p>10 cm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Braxton Hicks contractions are a sign of active labor.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of pre-eclampsia?

    <p>Blurred vision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone is primarily responsible for initiating milk production during lactation?

    <p>prolactin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Increased levels of __________ can lead to pregnancy-induced gingivitis.

    <p>oestrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The immune system functions the same way during pregnancy as it does in non-pregnant individuals.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone is responsible for increased pigmentation of the skin during pregnancy?

    <p>Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their descriptions:

    <p>Gingivitis = Host immune response to plaque Xerostomia = Dry mouth due to reduced saliva Pregnancy granulomas = Tissue proliferation from hormonal changes Prolactin = Hormone responsible for milk production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does cramping during pregnancy have on the salivary glands?

    <p>Both A and C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    High blood pressure during pregnancy is defined as greater than _____ mmHg.

    <p>140/90</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following pregnancy-related conditions with their descriptions:

    <p>Pre-eclampsia = High blood pressure and protein in urine Relaxin = Hormone causing ligament laxity Stretch marks = Result of rapid skin elasticity changes Immunological barrier = Prevents fetal rejection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A mother's teeth can supply calcium to the developing baby if her calcium levels are low.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a risk factor for developing pre-eclampsia?

    <p>Maternal obesity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition can lead to an increased risk of dental caries during pregnancy?

    <p>xerostomia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ________ show indicates that the blood-colored mucous plug has been lost.

    <p>bloody</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The placenta does not provide any immunological protection to the fetus.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physical change can occur in a pregnant woman's walking pattern due to musculoskeletal adaptations?

    <p>Waddle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common symptom seen in the oral cavity during pregnancy?

    <p>Gum hypertrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pregnancy complications such as eclampsia can lead to _____, organ failure, or even stroke.

    <p>seizures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the terms with their functions related to pregnancy:

    <p>Relaxin = Softens connective tissue Smooth muscle contractions = Facilitates labor Oedema = Swelling in pregnancy Melanocyte stimulating hormone = Increases skin pigmentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances are found in the amniotic fluid of women with periodontal disease?

    <p>IL-6, IL-8, and PGE2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Increased cariogenic bacteria in the mother are associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated increase in risk for pre-eclampsia if the mother has periodontal disease?

    <p>The exact increase in risk is not given in the content.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The increased levels of __________ and __________ during pregnancy may lead to tooth mobility.

    <p>progesterone, oestrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one potential outcome for a baby if the mother has periodontal disease?

    <p>Increased dental caries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pregnancy outcomes improve with interventions to improve oral hygiene during pregnancy.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name two outcomes that a baby is at risk of if the mother has periodontal disease.

    <p>Dental caries and pre-eclampsia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following conditions with their associated risks or concerns:

    <p>Periodontal disease = Increased risk of pre-eclampsia High progesterone = Tooth mobility Cariogenic bacteria = Infant dental caries Oral disease = Pregnancy complications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do cytokines such as IL-6 and IL-8 play in relation to periodontal disease?

    <p>Inducing inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of high levels of oestrogen and progesterone during pregnancy regarding oral health?

    <p>They may temporarily loosen tissue, leading to increased tooth mobility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Pregnancy Overview

    • Duration of pregnancy is approximately 40 weeks (270 days), measured from the last menstrual period.
    • Pregnancy is divided into three trimesters, each with distinct developmental phases.
    • Significant physiological changes occur across most systems in the body to support fetal development.

    Physiological Changes

    • Increased basal metabolic rate and cardiac output.
    • Blood volume increases by 20-100% with a 110% rise in red blood cell mass and 150% increase in white blood cells.
    • Enhancements in renal function include increased glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and renal tubule reabsorption.

    First Trimester Symptoms

    • Most fetal abnormalities occur during this period; about 80% of miscarriages happen in the first trimester.
    • Common symptoms include morning sickness (weight gain of about 5 lbs) and gastric reflux due to altered gastric emptying.

    Urinary System Changes

    • Increased urination (polyuria) due to heightened blood volume and pressure on the bladder.
    • Progesterone causes decreased muscle tone, contributing to urinary frequency.

    Cardiovascular System Adaptations

    • Blood pressure slightly decreases, peaking during the second trimester, accompanied by increased cardiac output.
    • Vena cava compression can occur in the supine position, necessitating a left tilt during dental procedures to reduce risk.

    Respiratory System Adjustments

    • Increased respiratory minute volume to meet the 15% rise in fetal oxygen demand in the third trimester.
    • Upward movement of the diaphragm reduces functional residual capacity, causing breathlessness.

    Integumentary System Changes

    • Increased skin elasticity may lead to stretch marks if elasticity is surpassed.
    • Enhanced pigmentation occurs due to elevated melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH), affecting skin areas like the abdomen and face.

    Musculoskeletal System Adaptations

    • Relaxin hormone induces softening of ligaments and connective tissue, affecting pelvic support.
    • Weight distribution changes lead to a waddling gait and common back pain.

    Immune System Modifications

    • Immunological adaptations result in part of the immune system being enhanced while others are suppressed.
    • Increased risk of sepsis during pregnancy; placenta forms an immunological barrier to prevent fetal rejection.

    Pregnancy Complications - Pre-eclampsia

    • Characterized by high blood pressure (>140/90 mmHg) and protein in urine, often arises in the second trimester.
    • Risk factors: obesity, advanced maternal age, and family history. Symptoms include headache, blurred vision, and swelling.
    • Untreated pre-eclampsia can lead to severe outcomes like seizures, organ failure, or stillbirth.

    Labour Process

    • Involves cervical dilation up to 10 cm, loss of the mucous plug, and rupture of membranes.
    • Braxton Hicks contractions are common practice contractions throughout pregnancy.

    Lactation Changes

    • Breast tissue alterations driven by hormones like estrogen and progesterone precede milk production.
    • Prolactin is responsible for milk synthesis, while oxytocin promotes bonding through feeding.

    Oral Cavity Changes During Pregnancy

    • Pregnancy influences the oral mucosa, teeth, and salivary glands, increasing gum hypertrophy and gingivitis risk.

    Oral Soft Tissue Changes

    • Gums may become sore and swollen; hormonal changes exacerbate immune responses, leading to pregnancy-induced gingivitis.
    • Pregnancy granulomas characterized by rapid growth due to increased estrogen and progesterone.

    Salivary Gland Responses

    • Increased salivation occurs early in pregnancy, later decreasing due to hormonal changes.
    • Xerostomia can lead to dental caries and halitosis.

    Oral Hard Tissue Risk Factors

    • Increased risk of caries and dental erosion due to behavioral changes such as cravings and vomiting.
    • A mother’s teeth are not directly affected by the fetus's calcium needs.

    Oral Disease Impact on Pregnancy Outcomes

    • Periodontitis linked to adverse fetal effects; inflammatory markers identified in amniotic fluid of women with periodontal disease.
    • Increased cariogenic bacteria in mothers correlates with dental caries in infants but not necessarily worse pregnancy outcomes.
    • "Essential Physiology for Dental Students" by Ali K, and "Physiology at a Glance" by Jeremy P.T. Ward & Roger W.A. Linden for further understanding of reproductive physiology and associated health impacts.

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    Description

    This quiz explores the key aspects of pregnancy, including its duration, trimesters, and significant physiological changes that occur during this period. It highlights the symptoms experienced in the first trimester and the alterations in the urinary system. Test your knowledge on these vital topics related to fetal development and maternal health.

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