Questions and Answers
What is a common skin change associated with pregnancy?
Which hormone is primarily responsible for ligament laxity during pregnancy?
What sign indicates a potential case of pre-eclampsia?
What physiological change during pregnancy affects a woman's posture?
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Which of the following factors increases the risk of developing pre-eclampsia?
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What is a characteristic feature of the immune system changes during pregnancy?
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Which condition can result from untreated pre-eclampsia?
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What typically occurs during the process of labor?
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What describes the term 'linea nigra'?
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What is a characteristic symptom of pre-eclampsia?
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What is the primary hormone responsible for initiating milk production during lactation?
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Which dental condition is characterized by an exaggerated immune response to plaque during pregnancy?
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Which of the following changes occurs to salivary glands during pregnancy?
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What does the 'bloody show' refer to in the context of labor?
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Which dietary behavior increases the risk of dental caries during pregnancy?
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What is the consequence of hormonal changes in oestrogen concerning saliva production during pregnancy?
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What is a common characteristic of pregnancy granulomas?
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Which factor is linked to increased risk of bleeding in the oral cavity during pregnancy?
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What significant change occurs in the blood volume during pregnancy?
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Which systemic condition is directly associated with periodontitis in pregnant women?
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How does a mother's dental health directly affect her child during pregnancy?
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Which trimester is associated with the highest risk of miscarriage?
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How does progesterone affect the gastrointestinal system during pregnancy?
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What physiological change occurs in the respiratory system during the third trimester?
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What is a consequence of the growing uterus in the third trimester concerning venous return?
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What effect does increased blood flow in the respiratory mucosa during pregnancy have?
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What condition is characterized by decreased muscle tone in the bladder during pregnancy?
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How does maternal systemic vascular resistance change during pregnancy?
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What symptom is most commonly associated with the first trimester of pregnancy?
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What cardiovascular change is expected in response to the increased blood volume during pregnancy?
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What is one of the effects of high levels of progesterone and oestrogen during pregnancy on dental health?
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Which bacteria type is associated with increased dental caries in the infant when present in the mother?
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What is NOT associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes according to recent research?
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What are two outcomes a baby is at risk for if the mother has periodontal disease?
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Why might pregnancy outcomes not always improve with oral hygiene interventions?
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Which component is indicated to have a relationship with periodontal disease in pregnant women as per the research findings?
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According to the content, what can high levels of cytokines like IL-6 indicate in pregnant women with periodontal disease?
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What effect does periodontal disease have on the oral mucosa of pregnant patients?
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What aspect of oral hygiene during pregnancy is most often highlighted by studies regarding its effectiveness?
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Which condition is mentioned as being researched in relation to oral disease and pregnancy?
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Study Notes
Pregnancy Overview
- Duration of pregnancy is approximately 40 weeks (270 days), measured from the last menstrual period.
- Pregnancy is divided into three trimesters, each with distinct developmental phases.
- Significant physiological changes occur across most systems in the body to support fetal development.
Physiological Changes
- Increased basal metabolic rate and cardiac output.
- Blood volume increases by 20-100% with a 110% rise in red blood cell mass and 150% increase in white blood cells.
- Enhancements in renal function include increased glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and renal tubule reabsorption.
First Trimester Symptoms
- Most fetal abnormalities occur during this period; about 80% of miscarriages happen in the first trimester.
- Common symptoms include morning sickness (weight gain of about 5 lbs) and gastric reflux due to altered gastric emptying.
Urinary System Changes
- Increased urination (polyuria) due to heightened blood volume and pressure on the bladder.
- Progesterone causes decreased muscle tone, contributing to urinary frequency.
Cardiovascular System Adaptations
- Blood pressure slightly decreases, peaking during the second trimester, accompanied by increased cardiac output.
- Vena cava compression can occur in the supine position, necessitating a left tilt during dental procedures to reduce risk.
Respiratory System Adjustments
- Increased respiratory minute volume to meet the 15% rise in fetal oxygen demand in the third trimester.
- Upward movement of the diaphragm reduces functional residual capacity, causing breathlessness.
Integumentary System Changes
- Increased skin elasticity may lead to stretch marks if elasticity is surpassed.
- Enhanced pigmentation occurs due to elevated melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH), affecting skin areas like the abdomen and face.
Musculoskeletal System Adaptations
- Relaxin hormone induces softening of ligaments and connective tissue, affecting pelvic support.
- Weight distribution changes lead to a waddling gait and common back pain.
Immune System Modifications
- Immunological adaptations result in part of the immune system being enhanced while others are suppressed.
- Increased risk of sepsis during pregnancy; placenta forms an immunological barrier to prevent fetal rejection.
Pregnancy Complications - Pre-eclampsia
- Characterized by high blood pressure (>140/90 mmHg) and protein in urine, often arises in the second trimester.
- Risk factors: obesity, advanced maternal age, and family history. Symptoms include headache, blurred vision, and swelling.
- Untreated pre-eclampsia can lead to severe outcomes like seizures, organ failure, or stillbirth.
Labour Process
- Involves cervical dilation up to 10 cm, loss of the mucous plug, and rupture of membranes.
- Braxton Hicks contractions are common practice contractions throughout pregnancy.
Lactation Changes
- Breast tissue alterations driven by hormones like estrogen and progesterone precede milk production.
- Prolactin is responsible for milk synthesis, while oxytocin promotes bonding through feeding.
Oral Cavity Changes During Pregnancy
- Pregnancy influences the oral mucosa, teeth, and salivary glands, increasing gum hypertrophy and gingivitis risk.
Oral Soft Tissue Changes
- Gums may become sore and swollen; hormonal changes exacerbate immune responses, leading to pregnancy-induced gingivitis.
- Pregnancy granulomas characterized by rapid growth due to increased estrogen and progesterone.
Salivary Gland Responses
- Increased salivation occurs early in pregnancy, later decreasing due to hormonal changes.
- Xerostomia can lead to dental caries and halitosis.
Oral Hard Tissue Risk Factors
- Increased risk of caries and dental erosion due to behavioral changes such as cravings and vomiting.
- A mother’s teeth are not directly affected by the fetus's calcium needs.
Oral Disease Impact on Pregnancy Outcomes
- Periodontitis linked to adverse fetal effects; inflammatory markers identified in amniotic fluid of women with periodontal disease.
- Increased cariogenic bacteria in mothers correlates with dental caries in infants but not necessarily worse pregnancy outcomes.
Recommended Reading
- "Essential Physiology for Dental Students" by Ali K, and "Physiology at a Glance" by Jeremy P.T. Ward & Roger W.A. Linden for further understanding of reproductive physiology and associated health impacts.
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Description
This quiz covers the key aspects of pregnancy, including its duration, trimesters, and significant physiological changes in the body. It explores symptoms experienced during the first trimester and adaptations in the urinary system. Test your knowledge about the crucial stages and changes that occur during pregnancy.
