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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is a primary event in cardiovascular changes during pregnancy?
Which of the following is a primary event in cardiovascular changes during pregnancy?
- Decreased systemic vascular resistance
- Venous overfilling
- Arcuate artery invasion by trophoblastic tissue (correct)
- Aortocaval compression
What is the main cause of supine hypotension syndrome during pregnancy?
What is the main cause of supine hypotension syndrome during pregnancy?
- Decreased systemic vascular resistance
- Decreased colloid osmotic pressure
- Aortocaval compression (correct)
- Increased cardiac output
Which hormone is responsible for the symptoms of reflux, nausea, and vomiting in late pregnancy?
Which hormone is responsible for the symptoms of reflux, nausea, and vomiting in late pregnancy?
- HCG
- Progesterone
- Estrogen (correct)
- Thyroid hormone
Which hormone is responsible for the fall in insulin resistance postpartum?
Which hormone is responsible for the fall in insulin resistance postpartum?
What is the main fuel used by the body during pregnancy?
What is the main fuel used by the body during pregnancy?
What is the main cause of gestational diabetes?
What is the main cause of gestational diabetes?
What is the role of increased LDL cholesterol during pregnancy?
What is the role of increased LDL cholesterol during pregnancy?
Which of the following is a common symptom in early pregnancy?
Which of the following is a common symptom in early pregnancy?
What is the primary cause of supine hypotension syndrome during pregnancy?
What is the primary cause of supine hypotension syndrome during pregnancy?
Which parameter is not a sensitive marker of renal function?
Which parameter is not a sensitive marker of renal function?
Which hormone is responsible for the increase in intestinal calcium absorption during pregnancy?
Which hormone is responsible for the increase in intestinal calcium absorption during pregnancy?
What is the primary cause of transient diabetes insipidus during pregnancy?
What is the primary cause of transient diabetes insipidus during pregnancy?
Which hormone is responsible for the enlargement of the pituitary gland during pregnancy?
Which hormone is responsible for the enlargement of the pituitary gland during pregnancy?
What is the main cause of iodine deficiency during pregnancy?
What is the main cause of iodine deficiency during pregnancy?
Which of the following is a common symptom in early pregnancy?
Which of the following is a common symptom in early pregnancy?
What is the main cause of edema in pregnancy?
What is the main cause of edema in pregnancy?
Which hormone is responsible for the enlargement of the pituitary gland during pregnancy?
Which hormone is responsible for the enlargement of the pituitary gland during pregnancy?
During pregnancy, insulin levels are increased in both the fasting and postprandial states. This is due to
During pregnancy, insulin levels are increased in both the fasting and postprandial states. This is due to
Which hormone is responsible for the enlargement of the thyroid during pregnancy?
Which hormone is responsible for the enlargement of the thyroid during pregnancy?
What is the primary cause of increased serum cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, and HDL levels during pregnancy?
What is the primary cause of increased serum cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, and HDL levels during pregnancy?
What is the main cause of joint laxity in the anterior and longitudinal ligaments of the lumbar spine during pregnancy?
What is the main cause of joint laxity in the anterior and longitudinal ligaments of the lumbar spine during pregnancy?
Which hormone is responsible for the symptoms of reflux, nausea, and vomiting in late pregnancy?
Which hormone is responsible for the symptoms of reflux, nausea, and vomiting in late pregnancy?
What is the primary cause of transient diabetes insipidus during pregnancy?
What is the primary cause of transient diabetes insipidus during pregnancy?
What is the main cause of iodine deficiency during pregnancy?
What is the main cause of iodine deficiency during pregnancy?
During pregnancy, which hormone is responsible for the increase in serum prolactin levels?
During pregnancy, which hormone is responsible for the increase in serum prolactin levels?
What is the primary cause of transient diabetes insipidus during pregnancy?
What is the primary cause of transient diabetes insipidus during pregnancy?
What is the main cause of iodine deficiency during pregnancy?
What is the main cause of iodine deficiency during pregnancy?
What is the main cause of joint laxity in the anterior and longitudinal ligaments of the lumbar spine during pregnancy?
What is the main cause of joint laxity in the anterior and longitudinal ligaments of the lumbar spine during pregnancy?
During pregnancy, what is the primary cause of aortocaval compression?
During pregnancy, what is the primary cause of aortocaval compression?
What is the main cause of nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy?
What is the main cause of nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy?
What is the main cause of gestational diabetes?
What is the main cause of gestational diabetes?
During pregnancy, which hormone is responsible for the increase in serum prolactin levels?
During pregnancy, which hormone is responsible for the increase in serum prolactin levels?
What is the main cause of increased vasopressinase production during pregnancy?
What is the main cause of increased vasopressinase production during pregnancy?
Which hormone is responsible for the increase in LDL cholesterol levels during pregnancy?
Which hormone is responsible for the increase in LDL cholesterol levels during pregnancy?
What is the main cause of transient diabetes insipidus during pregnancy?
What is the main cause of transient diabetes insipidus during pregnancy?
Which of the following is a common symptom in early pregnancy?
Which of the following is a common symptom in early pregnancy?
What is the primary cause of supine hypotension syndrome during pregnancy?
What is the primary cause of supine hypotension syndrome during pregnancy?
Which hormone is responsible for the enlargement of the thyroid during pregnancy?
Which hormone is responsible for the enlargement of the thyroid during pregnancy?
Which hormone is responsible for the increase in serum prolactin levels during pregnancy?
Which hormone is responsible for the increase in serum prolactin levels during pregnancy?
What is the primary cause of gestational diabetes?
What is the primary cause of gestational diabetes?
What is the main cause of iodine deficiency during pregnancy?
What is the main cause of iodine deficiency during pregnancy?
What is the primary cause of transient diabetes insipidus during pregnancy?
What is the primary cause of transient diabetes insipidus during pregnancy?
Which hormone is responsible for the symptoms of reflux, nausea, and vomiting in late pregnancy?
Which hormone is responsible for the symptoms of reflux, nausea, and vomiting in late pregnancy?
What is the main cause of edema in pregnancy?
What is the main cause of edema in pregnancy?
What is the primary cause of gestational diabetes?
What is the primary cause of gestational diabetes?
Which hormone is responsible for the increase in insulin resistance during pregnancy?
Which hormone is responsible for the increase in insulin resistance during pregnancy?
What is the main cause of increased renal clearance of iodine during pregnancy?
What is the main cause of increased renal clearance of iodine during pregnancy?
What is the primary cause of gestational diabetes?
What is the primary cause of gestational diabetes?
Which hormone is responsible for the increase in LDL cholesterol levels during pregnancy?
Which hormone is responsible for the increase in LDL cholesterol levels during pregnancy?
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Study Notes
Cardiovascular Changes During Pregnancy
- Primary events include increased blood volume and cardiac output.
- Supine hypotension syndrome is primarily caused by aortocaval compression due to the enlarging uterus.
Hormonal Changes
- Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) is responsible for reflux, nausea, and vomiting in late pregnancy.
- Estrogen is linked to the enlargement of the pituitary gland during pregnancy.
- Progesterone aids in increasing intestinal calcium absorption during pregnancy.
- Elevated serum prolactin levels during pregnancy are driven by estrogen and hCG.
Metabolic Changes
- Glucose is the main fuel used by the body during pregnancy.
- Insulin resistance increases during pregnancy, managed by hormones like human placental lactogen (hPL).
- Postpartum, insulin resistance falls due to the decline of placental hormones.
Common Conditions
- Gestational diabetes is primarily caused by increased insulin resistance and inadequate insulin production.
- Edema in pregnancy is mainly due to increased blood volume and hormonal factors.
- Transient diabetes insipidus results from increased vasopressinase production.
Cholesterol and Lipids
- Increased serum cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, and HDL levels arise mainly due to hormonal changes during pregnancy.
- LDL cholesterol plays a role in fetal development and placental function.
Renal Function
- Parameters like blood urea nitrogen (BUN) are not sensitive markers of renal function during pregnancy.
- Increased renal clearance of iodine occurs due to enhanced renal blood flow and hormonal influences.
Symptoms of Pregnancy
- Common symptoms in early pregnancy include fatigue, nausea, and breast tenderness.
- Joint laxity in the lumbar spine region is primarily related to hormone relaxin.
Nutritional Deficiencies
- Iodine deficiency during pregnancy is often caused by insufficient dietary intake, affecting fetal development.
Other Considerations
- Aortocaval compression is a primary cause of altered hemodynamics in late pregnancy.
- Nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy are primarily caused by hormonal fluctuations, primarily hCG.
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