26 Questions
What is the main characteristic of Post-Normal Science?
Addressing complex problems with high stakes and uncertain or disputed facts.
What is a key aspect of Co-Production of Knowledge?
Involving an extended peer community of stakeholders.
What is Sustainability Science?
A field that studies human-environment interactions.
What is Normal Science?
A traditional approach to science that focuses on simple problems with low stakes.
What is the main difference between Normal Science and Post-Normal Science?
The level of complexity of the problems addressed.
What is the goal of Co-Production of Knowledge?
To create a more inclusive decision-making process.
What is a key principle of Post-Normal Science?
Addressing complex problems with high stakes and uncertain or disputed facts, involving an extended peer community.
What is the main focus of Post-Normal Science?
Complex problems with high stakes and uncertain or disputed facts.
What was a major consequence of the rapid population growth in cities during the Industrial Revolution?
A shortage of resources and amenities, leading to slums and disease.
What was a major challenge faced by cities during the Industrial Revolution?
Providing adequate housing and infrastructure for a rapidly growing population.
What was a consequence of the rapid urbanization during the Industrial Revolution?
An increase in crime and poverty, as well as the spread of disease.
What was a major factor contributing to the growth of slums during the Industrial Revolution?
The lack of affordable housing options.
What was a major public health concern during the Industrial Revolution?
The rise of cholera and other waterborne diseases.
What was a consequence of the urbanization during the Industrial Revolution for the agricultural sector?
A decline in agricultural production and employment.
What is a consequence of industrialization, according to the text?
Concentration of people in urban areas
Why is exact timing important in industrialized societies?
To prevent delays in the production chain
What is a characteristic of Third World countries, according to the text?
Lack of need for exact timing of activities
What is a consequence of urbanization, according to the text?
Concentration of criminals in prisons
What is a result of the complex network of factories, according to the text?
Potential for significant financial losses due to delays
What is a characteristic of urban areas, according to the text?
Concentration of people, factories, and capital
What is the primary measure of status in Second Wave societies?
Bigness or scale
What is the dominant organizational structure in Second Wave societies?
Pyramidal hierarchy
What drives the tendency towards concentration in Second Wave societies?
Efficiency and economics of scale
What is the primary goal of urbanization in Second Wave societies?
To become megacities
Who makes the bulk of decisions in Second Wave societies?
Central planners
What is the underlying principle of the 'economics of scale'?
That bigger is more efficient
Study Notes
Post-Normal Science
- Post-Normal Science (PNS) is an approach to complex, uncertain, and wicked policy problems
- PNS goes beyond traditional normal science by addressing complex problems with high stakes and uncertain or disputed facts
- It involves an extended peer community of stakeholders beyond just scientists
Normal Science
- Normal Science refers to traditional scientific practices
- It is distinct from Post-Normal Science in its approach to complex problems
Sustainability Science
- Sustainability Science is a key concept related to Post-Normal Science
- It addresses complex problems related to sustainability
Co-Production of Knowledge
- Co-Production of Knowledge is a key concept in Post-Normal Science
- It involves collaborations between diverse stakeholders to produce knowledge
Changing Roles in Science
- The roles of scientists are changing in Post-Normal Science
- Scientists are no longer the sole authorities in knowledge production
The Second Wave – Industrial Revolution
- The Second Wave started around 1831 and peaked in the 1850s
- During this period, the population shifted from rural to urban areas, leading to rapid urbanization
- Cities faced immense pressure, with inadequate housing, water, sanitation, food, and lighting, leading to the growth of slums and the spread of diseases like cholera
- Crime rates increased, and many turned to crime as a means of survival
Principles of Second Wave Societies
- Maximization: the idea that bigger is better, and that scale and size are measures of success
- Centralization: decision-making power is held by central authorities, such as governments, top management, and central banks
- Synchronization: the importance of exact timing and sequencing of activities in industrial societies, where delays can have significant economic consequences
Concentration and Urbanization
- The Industrial Revolution led to the concentration of people in urban areas, factories, schools, prisons, and institutions
- This concentration is a hallmark of Second Wave societies, with a focus on efficiency and economics of scale
Science, Technology, and Society
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