STS 1
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Questions and Answers

What is the main characteristic of Post-Normal Science?

  • Focusing on normal science principles.
  • Addressing complex problems with high stakes and uncertain or disputed facts. (correct)
  • Addressing simple problems with low stakes.
  • Involving only experts in the peer community.

    • What is a key aspect of Co-Production of Knowledge?

  • Involving an extended peer community of stakeholders. (correct)
  • Involving only experts in decision-making.
  • Disregarding other perspectives.
  • Focusing on individual knowledge.

    • What is Sustainability Science?

  • A subfield of Normal Science.
  • A part of Post-Normal Science.
  • A science policy approach for complex uncertain and wicked policy problems.
  • A field that studies human-environment interactions. (correct)

    • What is Normal Science?

    <p>A traditional approach to science that focuses on simple problems with low stakes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between Normal Science and Post-Normal Science?

    <p>The level of complexity of the problems addressed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of Co-Production of Knowledge?

    <p>To create a more inclusive decision-making process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key principle of Post-Normal Science?

    <p>Addressing complex problems with high stakes and uncertain or disputed facts, involving an extended peer community.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of Post-Normal Science?

    <p>Complex problems with high stakes and uncertain or disputed facts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a major consequence of the rapid population growth in cities during the Industrial Revolution?

    <p>A shortage of resources and amenities, leading to slums and disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a major challenge faced by cities during the Industrial Revolution?

    <p>Providing adequate housing and infrastructure for a rapidly growing population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a consequence of the rapid urbanization during the Industrial Revolution?

    <p>An increase in crime and poverty, as well as the spread of disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a major factor contributing to the growth of slums during the Industrial Revolution?

    <p>The lack of affordable housing options.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a major public health concern during the Industrial Revolution?

    <p>The rise of cholera and other waterborne diseases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a consequence of the urbanization during the Industrial Revolution for the agricultural sector?

    <p>A decline in agricultural production and employment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of industrialization, according to the text?

    <p>Concentration of people in urban areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is exact timing important in industrialized societies?

    <p>To prevent delays in the production chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of Third World countries, according to the text?

    <p>Lack of need for exact timing of activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of urbanization, according to the text?

    <p>Concentration of criminals in prisons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a result of the complex network of factories, according to the text?

    <p>Potential for significant financial losses due to delays</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of urban areas, according to the text?

    <p>Concentration of people, factories, and capital</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary measure of status in Second Wave societies?

    <p>Bigness or scale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the dominant organizational structure in Second Wave societies?

    <p>Pyramidal hierarchy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drives the tendency towards concentration in Second Wave societies?

    <p>Efficiency and economics of scale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of urbanization in Second Wave societies?

    <p>To become megacities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who makes the bulk of decisions in Second Wave societies?

    <p>Central planners</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the underlying principle of the 'economics of scale'?

    <p>That bigger is more efficient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Post-Normal Science

    • Post-Normal Science (PNS) is an approach to complex, uncertain, and wicked policy problems
    • PNS goes beyond traditional normal science by addressing complex problems with high stakes and uncertain or disputed facts
    • It involves an extended peer community of stakeholders beyond just scientists

    Normal Science

    • Normal Science refers to traditional scientific practices
    • It is distinct from Post-Normal Science in its approach to complex problems

    Sustainability Science

    • Sustainability Science is a key concept related to Post-Normal Science
    • It addresses complex problems related to sustainability

    Co-Production of Knowledge

    • Co-Production of Knowledge is a key concept in Post-Normal Science
    • It involves collaborations between diverse stakeholders to produce knowledge

    Changing Roles in Science

    • The roles of scientists are changing in Post-Normal Science
    • Scientists are no longer the sole authorities in knowledge production

    The Second Wave – Industrial Revolution

    • The Second Wave started around 1831 and peaked in the 1850s
    • During this period, the population shifted from rural to urban areas, leading to rapid urbanization
    • Cities faced immense pressure, with inadequate housing, water, sanitation, food, and lighting, leading to the growth of slums and the spread of diseases like cholera
    • Crime rates increased, and many turned to crime as a means of survival

    Principles of Second Wave Societies

    • Maximization: the idea that bigger is better, and that scale and size are measures of success
    • Centralization: decision-making power is held by central authorities, such as governments, top management, and central banks
    • Synchronization: the importance of exact timing and sequencing of activities in industrial societies, where delays can have significant economic consequences

    Concentration and Urbanization

    • The Industrial Revolution led to the concentration of people in urban areas, factories, schools, prisons, and institutions
    • This concentration is a hallmark of Second Wave societies, with a focus on efficiency and economics of scale

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