33 Questions
According to Piaget's theory, cognitive maturation is complete once formal operations is fully attained, by age 20 at the latest.
False
Post-formal thinking in emerging adulthood is primarily concerned with advances in pragmatism and reflective judgment.
True
Post-formal thinking in emerging adulthood is a stage that occurs after formal operations.
True
Which of the following is a common feature of theories emphasizing pragmatism in post-formal thought?
A recognition of the complexities and inconsistencies in real-life problems
According to Gisela Labouvie-Vief, how does cognitive development in emerging adulthood differ from adolescent thinking?
Emerging adults exaggerate the effectiveness of logical thinking in real life
What is a key characteristic of post-formal thinking in emerging adulthood?
A recognition of the complexities and ambiguities in real-life problems
True or false: Pragmatism involves adapting logical thinking to the practical constraints of real-life situations.
True
True or false: Theories of post-formal thought emphasising pragmatism have been developed by several scholars.
True
True or false: According to Labouvie-Vief, cognitive development in emerging adulthood is distinguished from adolescent thinking by a greater recognition and incorporation of practical limitations to logical thinking.
True
According to Michael Basseches, what is dialectical thought?
A way of thinking that recognizes that problems often have no clear solution and that opposing strategies may each have some merit
Which culture traditionally promotes dialectical thought?
Chinese culture
How does Labouvie-Vief's view of cognitive development in emerging adulthood differ from Basseches' view?
Labouvie-Vief emphasizes the importance of formal logic, while Basseches emphasizes the importance of dialectical thought
True or false: Michael Basseches views cognitive development in emerging adulthood as involving a recognition that formal logic can rarely be applied to the problems most people face in their daily lives.
True
True or false: Dialectical thought is Michael Basseches' term for the kind of thinking that develops in emerging adulthood, involving a growing awareness that problems often have no clear solution and that two opposing strategies or points of view may each have some merit.
True
True or false: Chinese culture traditionally promotes dialectical thought by advocating an approach to knowledge that strives to reconcile contradictions and combine opposing perspectives by seeking a middle ground.
True
Which stage of reflective judgment involves recognizing the legitimacy of competing points of view, but denies that one view could be more persuasive than another?
Relativism
At what age does reflective judgment typically begin to develop for most people?
Early 20s
What is the capacity to evaluate the accuracy and logical coherence of evidence and arguments called?
Reflective judgment
According to research on reflective judgment, the gains that take place in emerging adulthood are primarily due to what factor?
Education
Which of the following is likely to be more common in a culture that values pluralism and promotes tolerance of diverse points of view?
Reflective judgment
According to Michael Basseches, what is the key characteristic of post-formal thinking in emerging adulthood?
Recognition of practical limitations to logical thinking
Reflective judgment begins to develop for most people around age 20.
True
Relativists deny that one view could be more persuasive than another.
False
Pragmatism involves adapting logical thinking to the practical constraints of real-life situations.
True
True or false: Significant gains in reflective judgment are primarily due to maturation rather than education during emerging adulthood.
False
True or false: The development of reflective judgment is more common in a culture that values pluralism and promotes tolerance of diverse points of view.
True
True or false: People who pursue a university education during emerging adulthood show greater advances in reflective judgment than those who do not.
True
Match the stages of cognitive development with their descriptions:
Dualistic thinking = Viewing situations in polarised terms, with no in-between Multiple thinking = Believing that there are two or more legitimate views of every issue, and it's difficult to justify one as the only true one Relativism = Recognising the legitimacy of competing points of view and attempting to evaluate the merits of each
Match the cognitive qualities with their definitions:
Reflective judgment = The capacity to evaluate the accuracy and logical coherence of evidence and arguments Dualistic thinking = Seeing situations and issues in polarised terms Relativism = Recognising the legitimacy of competing points of view and attempting to evaluate the merits of each
Match the following terms with their corresponding stages in the development of reflective judgment:
First stage = Dualistic thinking Second stage = Multiple thinking Third stage = Relativism
Match the following researchers with their findings related to reflective judgment:
King & Kitchener, 2015; Kitchener, King & DeLuca, 2006 = Significant gains in reflective judgment may occur in emerging adulthood Pascarella & Terenzini, 1991 = Gains in reflective judgment in emerging adulthood are due more to education than maturation Perry, 1970/1999 = Development of reflective judgment is likely to be more common in a culture that values pluralism and tolerance of diverse points of view
Match the following concepts with their definitions:
Reflective judgment = Commitment to a worldview while being open to re-evaluating views if new evidence is presented Emerging adulthood = Stage of life where significant gains in reflective judgment may occur Education = Factor contributing more to gains in reflective judgment during emerging adulthood than maturation Pluralism = Value that, along with tolerance of diverse points of view, promotes development of reflective judgment
Match the following statements with their corresponding implications:
People who pursue a university education show greater advances in reflective judgment = Education contributes more to reflective judgment than maturation Reflective judgment is more common in a culture that values pluralism = Cultural values and educational system can influence cognitive development Significant gains may take place in emerging adulthood = This stage of life can be crucial for cognitive development
Study Notes
Cognitive Development in Emerging Adulthood
- According to Piaget's theory, cognitive maturation is complete by age 20 at the latest.
- Post-formal thinking in emerging adulthood is primarily concerned with advances in pragmatism and reflective judgment.
- Post-formal thinking occurs after formal operations.
Pragmatism in Post-Formal Thought
- A common feature of theories emphasizing pragmatism in post-formal thought is adapting logical thinking to the practical constraints of real-life situations.
- Pragmatism involves adapting logical thinking to the practical constraints of real-life situations.
Gisela Labouvie-Vief's Theory
- According to Gisela Labouvie-Vief, cognitive development in emerging adulthood differs from adolescent thinking by recognizing and incorporating practical limitations to logical thinking.
Post-Formal Thinking
- A key characteristic of post-formal thinking in emerging adulthood is recognizing and incorporating practical limitations to logical thinking.
Michael Basseches' Theory
- According to Michael Basseches, dialectical thought involves a growing awareness that problems often have no clear solution and that two opposing strategies or points of view may each have some merit.
- Dialectical thought is a key characteristic of post-formal thinking in emerging adulthood.
- Michael Basseches views cognitive development in emerging adulthood as involving a recognition that formal logic can rarely be applied to the problems most people face in their daily lives.
Cultural Influence
- Chinese culture traditionally promotes dialectical thought by advocating an approach to knowledge that strives to reconcile contradictions and combine opposing perspectives by seeking a middle ground.
Reflective Judgment
- Reflective judgment involves recognizing the legitimacy of competing points of view, but denying that one view could be more persuasive than another (relativist stage).
- Reflective judgment begins to develop for most people around age 20.
- The capacity to evaluate the accuracy and logical coherence of evidence and arguments is called reflective judgment.
- Gains in reflective judgment during emerging adulthood are primarily due to education rather than maturation.
Stages of Reflective Judgment
- Relativists deny that one view could be more persuasive than another.
Research Findings
- Significant gains in reflective judgment are primarily due to education during emerging adulthood.
- Reflective judgment is more common in a culture that values pluralism and promotes tolerance of diverse points of view.
Test your knowledge of Piaget's theory of cognitive development and the concept of formal operations. Explore how research has altered the traditional view and discover the ongoing cognitive development even after the attainment of formal operations.
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