Polyglycerol Polyricinoleate (PGPR) in Chocolate

PGPR is used in chocolate and similar coatings with another substance like lecithin to reduce viscosity by decreasing the friction between solid particles in molten chocolate, making it flow more easily.

PGPR, or Polyglycerol polyricinoleate, is an emulsifier made from glycerol and fatty acids, usually from castor bean or soybean oil.

PGPR is made up of a short chain of glycerol molecules connected by ether bonds, with ricinoleic acid side chains connected by ester bonds.

<p>PGPR is a yellowish, viscous liquid, and is strongly lipophilic: it is soluble in fats and oils and insoluble in water and ethanol.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glycerol is heated to above 200 °C in the presence of an alkaline catalyst to create polyglycerol, and castor oil fatty acids are separately heated to above 200 °C to create interesterified ricinoleic fatty acids. The polyglycerol and the interesterified ricinoleic fatty acids are then mixed to create PGPR.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Root-associated bacteria that can have a detrimental, neutral, or beneficial effect on plant growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, first used by Joseph W. Kloepper in the late 1970s.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>About 2–5% of rhizosphere bacteria are PGPR.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A microbe from the genus Azospirillum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nitrogen fixation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>PGPR stands for plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, which are root-associated bacteria that can have a beneficial effect on plant growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>About 2–5% of rhizosphere bacteria are PGPR.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The two major classes of relationships are rhizospheric and endophytic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The dominant species found in the rhizosphere is a microbe from the genus Azospirillum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nitrogen fixation is one of the most beneficial processes performed by rhizobacteria.</p> Signup and view all the answers