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Questions and Answers
What is the primary focus of food science?
What is the primary focus of food science?
Which of the following is NOT considered a core area of food science?
Which of the following is NOT considered a core area of food science?
Which nutrient is NOT listed as a constituent of food?
Which nutrient is NOT listed as a constituent of food?
The principle of processing foods primarily aims to:
The principle of processing foods primarily aims to:
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Food technology is best described as the application of food science to:
Food technology is best described as the application of food science to:
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What moisture content range is typical for semi-perishable foods?
What moisture content range is typical for semi-perishable foods?
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Which of the following is classified as a stable food?
Which of the following is classified as a stable food?
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What is the expected shelf life of perishable foods?
What is the expected shelf life of perishable foods?
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Which food class is primarily at risk from autolysis and microorganisms?
Which food class is primarily at risk from autolysis and microorganisms?
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What is the primary method for prolonging the shelf life of perishable foods?
What is the primary method for prolonging the shelf life of perishable foods?
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What pH classification would foods like vinegar fall under?
What pH classification would foods like vinegar fall under?
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Which of the following is least likely to be categorized as semi-perishable?
Which of the following is least likely to be categorized as semi-perishable?
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Which statement about moisture content is true for stable foods?
Which statement about moisture content is true for stable foods?
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What is one significant benefit of food science and technology in terms of consumer convenience?
What is one significant benefit of food science and technology in terms of consumer convenience?
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How does food science and technology contribute to environmental sustainability?
How does food science and technology contribute to environmental sustainability?
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Which of the following is NOT a primary source of food according to the information provided?
Which of the following is NOT a primary source of food according to the information provided?
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What role does food science and technology play in the production of food for special dietary needs?
What role does food science and technology play in the production of food for special dietary needs?
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What is one industry-related outcome attributed to advancements in food science and technology?
What is one industry-related outcome attributed to advancements in food science and technology?
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Which animal types are considered Halal for Muslims according to the sources provided?
Which animal types are considered Halal for Muslims according to the sources provided?
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Which application of food science involves enhancing the nutrient content of existing food products?
Which application of food science involves enhancing the nutrient content of existing food products?
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How does food science contribute to food freshness retention?
How does food science contribute to food freshness retention?
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Which food constituents are primarily responsible for growth and body building?
Which food constituents are primarily responsible for growth and body building?
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What is the primary chemical composition of one water molecule?
What is the primary chemical composition of one water molecule?
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Which of the following foods contains the highest water content?
Which of the following foods contains the highest water content?
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Which macronutrient is primarily responsible for energy provision?
Which macronutrient is primarily responsible for energy provision?
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What role does water play regarding nutrient transportation in the body?
What role does water play regarding nutrient transportation in the body?
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Which statement about vitamins and minerals is accurate?
Which statement about vitamins and minerals is accurate?
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What is the primary purpose of water in food from a biological perspective?
What is the primary purpose of water in food from a biological perspective?
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Which of the following is NOT considered a macronutrient?
Which of the following is NOT considered a macronutrient?
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Which type of food typically has a pH below 3.7?
Which type of food typically has a pH below 3.7?
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What is the main spoilage mechanism for Acid Foods with a pH of 4.5-3.7?
What is the main spoilage mechanism for Acid Foods with a pH of 4.5-3.7?
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Medium Acid Foods generally have a pH range of:
Medium Acid Foods generally have a pH range of:
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Which of the following is typically associated with Low Acid Foods?
Which of the following is typically associated with Low Acid Foods?
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What type of spoilage is primarily caused by microbial activity?
What type of spoilage is primarily caused by microbial activity?
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Which category of food is most likely to spoil due to thermophilic bacteria?
Which category of food is most likely to spoil due to thermophilic bacteria?
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Which of the following spoilage mechanisms does NOT involve microbial activity?
Which of the following spoilage mechanisms does NOT involve microbial activity?
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Which of these food categories is least likely to experience growth of food poisoning organisms?
Which of these food categories is least likely to experience growth of food poisoning organisms?
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Study Notes
Food Science
- Food science applies basic sciences and engineering to understand the physical, chemical, and biochemical nature of foods and processing.
- Food is anything providing nutrients that nourish the body.
- Nutrients are the components of food which include carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals, and water.
- Processing aims to enhance food's shelf life, consumer appeal, and nutrient content.
Core Areas in Food Science
- Food science emerged as a discipline in the early 1950s.
- It encompasses various specialties:
- Food Chemistry/Nutrition
- Food Engineering/Technology
- Food Microbiology
- Food Processing & Packaging
- Food Safety
- Sensory Science
- Product development
- Education & Careers
- Public Policy & regulation
- Food Science and Food Technology are often used interchangeably.
- Food Technology applies food science principles to select, preserve, process, package, distribute, and use safe, nutritious, and wholesome food.
Significance of Food Science and Technology
- It has become a global industry.
- It's essential for transforming food from traditional agriculture to industrial farming.
- It significantly improves human health and quality of life.
- It helps retain food freshness and prevent deterioration and spoilage.
- It provides access to quality food in distant locations and during off-seasons.
- It regulates food supply.
- It offers consumers convenient food cleaning, preparation, storage, and reduced cooking times.
- It helps supply clean, safe, wholesome food over the counter.
- It produces nutrient-enriched food products.
- It creates specialized food for conditions like diabetes, heart disorders, and allergies.
- It provides food for journeys like ships, airplanes, and astronauts.
- It facilitates waste utilization and reduces environmental pollution.
- It utilizes food waste for new product development.
- It enriches nutrient content of existing foods (supplementation).
- It produces organic manure or fertilizers.
- It leads to the production of oils, fibers, or pectins.
- It contributes to herbal supplements or medicines.
- The food industry, with its vast economic gains and profits, has become the largest industry.
Food Sources
- Two primary food sources are plants and animals.
- Some categorize fish separately as a third group.
- Plant sources include: Fruits, vegetables, roots, stems, leaves, flowers, seeds, nuts, legumes, pulses, herbs, spices, etc.
- Animal sources include various edible species.
- For Muslims, only split-hoofed ruminants and specific birds are Halal/edible. Examples include: Cows, buffalo, sheep, lamb, goat, deer, camel, hen, duck, turkey, quail.
Classification of Food: Perishability
- Stable foods remain acceptable for a long period if stored correctly (3 months to 3 years). Examples include: Honey, sugar, dry cereals, legumes, pulses, processed food (powdered milk, cereals, pasta), etc.
- Semi-perishable foods stay fit for consumption for a considerable time with careful handling and storage (few weeks to few months). Examples include: Potatoes, onions, ginger, garlic, some apples, commercial processed foods like sacks, cheese, ice cream. Spoilage is caused by autolysis and microbial growth. Proper handling and storage extend shelf life.
- Perishable foods last only a brief time (hours to days) and require immediate attention like refrigeration to prolong shelf life. Examples include: Fresh fruits, vegetables, milk, meat, fish, eggs, processed food (pasteurized milk, cottage cheese, fresh cream, cakes, bakery biscuits, bread). Canned foods are considered perishable when opened.
Classification of Food: pH
- pH measures the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution.
- It's used to preserve food and determine microbial survival rates.
- Information derived from pH:
- Food spoilage organism
- Food poisoning microorganism
- Choice of heat processing temperatures
- Food is categorized into four groups based on pH:
- High Acid Foods: pH below 3.7. Examples: Citrus fruits, fermented vegetables/pickles. Spoilage is primarily by yeast or molds. Boiling water can destroy these organisms. Aciduric (acid-resistant) bacteria can be a problem. Food poisoning bacteria don't thrive in these foods.
- Acid Foods: pH 4.5-3.7. Examples: Guava, orange, mango, pineapples, tomatoes, etc. Spoilage is due to enzymes and aciduric bacteria susceptible to pasteurization. Examples of spoilage agents include some mesophilic spore-forming bacteria like Clostridium Pasteurianium and Bacillus thermoacidurans, a spore-forming bacteria causing sour spoilage in canned juices. Food poisoning organisms usually don't grow in acid foods.
- Medium Acid Foods: pH 5-4.5. Includes most meat and vegetable mixtures. Spoilage organisms are similar to those in acid foods.
- Low Acid Foods: pH 5 or above. Examples: Most vegetables like okra, green leafy vegetables, carrots, beans, meat, milk, eggs and fish. Spoilage is caused by enzymes, mesophilic spore-forming bacteria, thermophilic bacteria, and non-forming organisms. Examples of spoilage causing organisms include Clostridium Botulinum and Clostridium sporogenes, which can be eliminated by high temperatures. Food poisoning organisms prefer medium and low acid foods.
Mode of Food Spoilage
- Microbial spoilage is often due to the growth and metabolism of spoilage bacteria, yeasts, or molds.
- Chemical spoilage can occur via nonmicrobial enzymatic action, oxidation, or non-enzymatic browning.
- Physical spoilage includes water loss, increased moisture in dry foods, freezer burn, and recrystallization of frozen foods.
- Mechanical agents like insects, pests, rodents, and birds can cause spoilage.
- Autolysis spoilage is caused by internal changes in living organisms that deteriorate food constituents. Examples include over-ripening and browning due to oxidation, softening fruit pectin by hydrolysis, wilting of leaves, and putrefaction of animal products.
Food Constituents
- Food constituents can be classified based on functionality:
- Energy giving: Carbohydrates, Proteins, Fats
- Growth & Body building: Proteins, Some minerals
- Maintenance: Vitamins, Minerals
- Food constituents can be classified based on their requirement:
- Macronutrients: Carbohydrates, Proteins, Fats, Water
- Micronutrients: Vitamins, Minerals
- Chemically, food consists of:
- Carbohydrates
- Proteins
- Fats/Lipids
- Vitamins
- Minerals
- Water
Water
- Water is a compound with the chemical formula H2O.
- A water molecule contains one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms connected by covalent bonds.
- Safe drinking water is essential for humans and other life forms.
- Water plays vital roles in the global economy. It acts as a solvent for various chemical substances and facilitates industrial cooling and transportation.
- Water's primary functions in the body:
- Digestion of food
- Nutrient transport
- Lubrication
- Body temperature regulation
Water in Foods: Importance
- Water is plentiful in all living organisms and thus present in most foods unless removed.
- It's crucial for life, despite providing no calories.
- Fruits and vegetables contain over 90% water, milk 88%, meat 60-75%, and dried food less than 15%.
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Description
Explore the core areas of food science including food chemistry, microbiology, processing, and safety. Understand how food science applies basic sciences to enhance food quality and nutrition. This quiz will cover essential topics that emerged as food science became a distinct discipline.
