Lecture 8: Play Systems and Tertiary Process Play

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Questions and Answers

What is the significance of tertiary process play?

It taps into high-level executive brain functions (correct)

It coalesces into a new behavior system

It involves basic brain functions

It is associated with hunger in minks

Which animal species exhibit object play associated with hunger?

Geleda baboons

Long-tailed macaques

Asian small clawed otters (correct)

Minks

What behavior patterns are typically used in stone play by long-tailed macaques?

Running and jumping

Lifting and carrying (correct)

Flying and swimming

Dancing and singing

In which primate species is object play not associated with hunger?

Geleda baboons Signup and view all the answers

What is the implication of Model 2 for explaining the object-social play mixture?

It proposes parallel evolution as in the domestication syndrome Signup and view all the answers

Which animal species is mentioned in the text as showing play behavior only in adults?

Octopus Signup and view all the answers

What kind of play is limited to object manipulations and observed in captive animals?

Object play Signup and view all the answers

What did mathematical models demonstrate about the emergence of primary process play in octopus?

It can occur when costs are low or absent Signup and view all the answers

What type of play can evolve more easily due to requiring less investment?

Object play behaviors Signup and view all the answers

Which model suggests that multiple, independent origins co-opt some common neurobehavioral system to produce play?

Model 1: Convergence Signup and view all the answers

What are the three process levels useful for categorizing the initiating factors and consequences of play?

Primary-Process, Secondary-Process, Tertiary-Process Signup and view all the answers

What type of play is necessary for maintaining cardiovascular functioning and body flexibility?

Object play Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT mentioned as an initiating factor for primary-process play?

Hunger Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the reasons given in the text for octopus engaging in object play?

High risk of predation Signup and view all the answers

Which type of play may be crucial for cognitive accomplishments and reaching developmental milestones?

Tertiary-Process play Signup and view all the answers

What is the implication of the shared genes, particularly the master gene, Pax-6, on the evolution of eyes?

The convergence of different eye types across species is due to shared genetic elements. Signup and view all the answers

Why is play fighting in rats considered to have different developmental stages?

Juvenile play fighting in rats matures after weaning while adult play fighting is fully mature after sexual maturity. Signup and view all the answers

How do eyes from different animal species provide evidence of parallel evolution based on the shared genes mentioned?

Eyes across species show similarities in structure, indicating a common genetic origin. Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to identify the age at which play fighting in rats becomes adaptive, as mentioned in the text?

Determining the age at which play fighting is adaptive helps understand its evolutionary purpose. Signup and view all the answers

How does the shared genetic component related to the master gene Pax-6 contribute to the diversity of eye structures across different species?

Shared genes provide a common foundation for diverse eye structures through evolution. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Significance of Tertiary Process Play

Tertiary process play incorporates skills and behaviors learned during earlier play stages, enhancing problem-solving and social abilities.

Animal Species Exhibiting Object Play Linked to Hunger

Species like rats and primates, including some monkeys, engage in object play that is associated with hunger-related motivations.

Behavior Patterns in Stone Play by Long-Tailed Macaques

Long-tailed macaques exhibit repeated manipulation of stones, including tapping, throwing, and examining them, which may serve social or exploratory purposes.

Primate Species with Object Play Not Linked to Hunger

Some great ape species, such as chimpanzees, show object play that is primarily for social interaction or cognitive stimulation rather than hunger.

Model 2 suggests that the interplay between object play and social play reflects complex cognitive processes that enhance adaptability and learning in social contexts.

Animal Species Displaying Play Behavior Exclusively in Adults

Adult elephants are noted for exhibiting specific play behaviors that are characteristic only in mature individuals, emphasizing social bonding.

Play Limited to Object Manipulations in Captive Animals

Object play in captivity often involves repetitive manipulation of toys or tools, which is less observed in wild counterparts due to environmental variances.

Mathematical Models on Primary Process Play Emergence in Octopus

Models indicate that octopuses exhibit primary process play, showcasing early evolutionary adaptations for survival and cognitive development.

Play Type Evolving with Less Investment

Simple forms of play emerge more readily due to lesser energetic and time requirements, allowing species to develop playful behaviors with minimal risk.

Model Suggesting Multiple, Independent Origins of Play

This model proposes that play behavior may arise from different evolutionary pathways while utilizing shared neurobehavioral systems.

Three Process Levels Categorizing Play

The levels include primary (basic needs), secondary (social interactions), and tertiary (complex skills and learning) factors that contribute to the initiation and consequences of play.

Type of Play for Cardiovascular and Flexibility Maintenance

Physical play, such as chase and roughhousing, is crucial for enhancing cardiovascular health and overall muscle flexibility.

Factor Not Mentioned as an Initiating Factor for Primary-Process Play

Specific environmental stimuli related to predator pressure are not noted as initiating factors for primary-process play.

Reason for Octopus Engaging in Object Play

Octopuses may engage in object play for cognitive stimulation, exploring their environment to develop problem-solving skills.

Play Crucial for Cognitive Accomplishments

Social and exploratory play types are necessary for gaining cognitive skills and reaching developmental milestones in young animals.

Implication of Shared Genes like Pax-6 on Eye Evolution

Shared genes, particularly the Pax-6 gene, suggest a common evolutionary pathway for the development of eye structures across diverse species.

Developmental Stages of Play Fighting in Rats

Play fighting in rats is considered to differ through stages, with variations in intensity and complexity reflecting developmental growth.

Evidence of Parallel Evolution from Animal Eye Structures

Eyes from various species exhibit comparable features, supporting parallel evolution through shared genetic frameworks outlined by Pax-6.

Importance of Identifying Adaptive Play Fighting Age in Rats

Determining the age at which play fighting becomes adaptive aids in understanding developmental thresholds for social behavior and survival strategies.

Contribution of Pax-6 to Eye Structure Diversity

The Pax-6 master gene's role in eye development demonstrates how shared genetic components can lead to a broad variety of eye structures in different environments and species.

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Description

Explore how multiple play systems can merge into tertiary process play, engaging high-level executive brain functions. Learn how different play systems can converge, tapping into various behavior patterns like object play and hunger.