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Questions and Answers
What type of boundary occurs when two plates move away from each other?
What type of boundary occurs when two plates move away from each other?
What percentage of Canadians live in the GL-SL area?
What percentage of Canadians live in the GL-SL area?
Subduction occurs when two continental plates push against each other.
Subduction occurs when two continental plates push against each other.
False
Name one major mountain range created by convergent boundaries.
Name one major mountain range created by convergent boundaries.
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The Innuitian Mountains have a full-time population.
The Innuitian Mountains have a full-time population.
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When magma or lava cools, it forms __________ rocks.
When magma or lava cools, it forms __________ rocks.
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What are the three highlands of Canada mentioned?
What are the three highlands of Canada mentioned?
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Match the type of rock with its formation process:
Match the type of rock with its formation process:
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The process of water moving downwards through soil, removing essential nutrients, is called ______.
The process of water moving downwards through soil, removing essential nutrients, is called ______.
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Which factor contributes to the variation in precipitation based on terrain?
Which factor contributes to the variation in precipitation based on terrain?
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Which of the following is a feature created by diverging plates?
Which of the following is a feature created by diverging plates?
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Sedimentary rocks change into metamorphic rocks under heat and pressure.
Sedimentary rocks change into metamorphic rocks under heat and pressure.
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Match the following soil types with their characteristics:
Match the following soil types with their characteristics:
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What happens at transform boundaries?
What happens at transform boundaries?
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Ocean currents moving towards the equator are warmer than the surrounding water.
Ocean currents moving towards the equator are warmer than the surrounding water.
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Describe the difference between maritime and continental climates.
Describe the difference between maritime and continental climates.
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What are the two main impacts of glaciation?
What are the two main impacts of glaciation?
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The Canadian Shield is the youngest landform region in Canada.
The Canadian Shield is the youngest landform region in Canada.
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Name one feature formed by the deposition of till at the edges of a glacier.
Name one feature formed by the deposition of till at the edges of a glacier.
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The Interior Plains account for about _____ of Canada's total farm production.
The Interior Plains account for about _____ of Canada's total farm production.
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Match the following landform regions with their characteristics:
Match the following landform regions with their characteristics:
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the Canadian Shield?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the Canadian Shield?
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Rivers in the southern part of the Canadian Shield are used to generate hydroelectric power.
Rivers in the southern part of the Canadian Shield are used to generate hydroelectric power.
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What geological age is the Canadian Shield primarily classified as?
What geological age is the Canadian Shield primarily classified as?
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Which type of trees are characterized by their needle-like leaf shape and can survive in poor quality soils?
Which type of trees are characterized by their needle-like leaf shape and can survive in poor quality soils?
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Permafrost is a layer of permanently frozen soil found beneath the tundra soils.
Permafrost is a layer of permanently frozen soil found beneath the tundra soils.
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What is the main characteristic of deciduous trees during winter?
What is the main characteristic of deciduous trees during winter?
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The __________ soil in the tundra prevents water from draining away, leading to swampy areas.
The __________ soil in the tundra prevents water from draining away, leading to swampy areas.
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Match the following vegetation regions with their characteristics:
Match the following vegetation regions with their characteristics:
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Which layer of tundra soil thaws in the summer, allowing for some plant growth?
Which layer of tundra soil thaws in the summer, allowing for some plant growth?
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Coniferous trees generally have broad leaves.
Coniferous trees generally have broad leaves.
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What adaptation helps coniferous trees to reduce damage from snow accumulation?
What adaptation helps coniferous trees to reduce damage from snow accumulation?
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Which type of forest is found primarily in the southern part of the boreal forest?
Which type of forest is found primarily in the southern part of the boreal forest?
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Grasslands have sufficient moisture for significant tree growth.
Grasslands have sufficient moisture for significant tree growth.
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What two tree species are common in the northern part of the boreal forest?
What two tree species are common in the northern part of the boreal forest?
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The process of changing to suit different conditions in response to climate change is known as ______.
The process of changing to suit different conditions in response to climate change is known as ______.
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What contributes to the greenhouse effect?
What contributes to the greenhouse effect?
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Match the following forest types with their respective characteristics:
Match the following forest types with their respective characteristics:
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Climate change mitigation involves increasing harmful emissions.
Climate change mitigation involves increasing harmful emissions.
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What is the primary human activity that increases carbon dioxide in the atmosphere?
What is the primary human activity that increases carbon dioxide in the atmosphere?
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Which of the following is NOT a human source of carbon dioxide?
Which of the following is NOT a human source of carbon dioxide?
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Methane is produced by livestock farming.
Methane is produced by livestock farming.
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What process traps heat energy and raises the Earth's temperature?
What process traps heat energy and raises the Earth's temperature?
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Nitrous oxide is produced from ________ based fertilizers.
Nitrous oxide is produced from ________ based fertilizers.
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Match the greenhouse gas with its human source:
Match the greenhouse gas with its human source:
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Which is an effect of climate change?
Which is an effect of climate change?
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The average annual temperature in Canada has remained the same over the last 60 years.
The average annual temperature in Canada has remained the same over the last 60 years.
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Name a physical effect of climate change.
Name a physical effect of climate change.
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Study Notes
Plate Tectonics
- Plate tectonics is the theory that Earth's outer shell is made up of individual moving plates.
- This movement causes earthquakes, volcanoes, mountain formation, and crustal destruction.
- Three types of plate movement exist:
- Divergent boundaries: Plates move apart, commonly found along mid-oceanic ridges (e.g., Mid-Atlantic Ridge).
- Convergent boundaries: Plates move towards each other, resulting in three subtypes:
- Continental-oceanic: Heavier oceanic plate subducts beneath a continental plate, creating trenches.
- Continental-continental: Two continental plates collide, leading to mountain ranges (e.g., Himalayas).
- Oceanic-oceanic: One oceanic plate subducts under another, also forming volcanic island arcs.
- Transform boundaries: Plates move past each other horizontally, potentially causing earthquakes (e.g., San Andreas Fault).
Rock Cycle
- Rocks are classified into three main types: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic.
- Igneous rocks form when magma or lava cools.
- Sedimentary rocks form from the compaction and cementation of sediments over millions of years.
- Metamorphic rocks are transformed from pre-existing rocks due to immense heat and pressure.
Glaciation
- Glaciation is the process where ice advances and covers large land areas.
- Although glaciation is a powerful force, it's less impactful than plate tectonics on the formation of Canadian landforms.
- Glaciation results in erosion and depositional effects.
- Erosional effects include the removal of materials and changes to drainage patterns.
- Depositional effects come in two types -- meltwater deposits and ice deposits.
Landform Regions of Canada
- Canada's landforms are categorized into three types:
- Canadian Shield: Ancient, worn-down mountains, the oldest and largest landform, predominantly Precambrian in age, covering a significant portion of Canada, Greenland and parts of the US.
- Lowlands: Areas surrounding the Canadian Shield, important agricultural regions, including the Interior Plains and the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Lowlands, which contain essential resources; vast sedimentary rock layers under these plains provide oil, natural gas, and potash.
- Highlands: Areas surrounding the Lowlands, often containing valuable mineral resources, comprising the Western Cordillera, Innuitian Mountains, and Appalachian Mountains.
Climate Factors
- Latitude, ocean currents, and wind/air masses influence climate.
- Higher latitudes receive less direct sunlight, resulting in cooler temperatures; ocean currents redistribute heat.
- Altitude also influences temperature and precipitation patterns.
- Relief features (landforms) affect precipitation, with windward sides receiving more than leeward sides.
- Coastal areas generally have maritime climates with milder temperatures, while inland areas experience continental climates with more extreme temperature fluctuations.
Soil
- Soil profiles consist of three distinct layers (horizons).
- Leaching is a soil-forming process where water moves nutrients downward, impacting soil fertility.
- Wet climates result in leaching-influenced soils; dry climates see calcification (nutrient upward movement) as a dominant soil-forming process.
- Tundra soils, widely distributed in Canada's north, are characterized by permafrost, which prevents water drainage.
Vegetation Regions
- Canada has various vegetation regions based on climate and soil conditions, including coniferous (evergreen), deciduous (leaf-shedding), boreal (Taiga), grasslands and mixed forests.
- Specific tree types and vegetation adaptations correlate to each region.
Climate Change
- Mitigation and adaptation are strategies to address harmful climate change effects.
- Greenhouse effect, driven by greenhouse gases (e.g., carbon dioxide), traps heat, causing global warming.
- Human activities (e.g., burning fossil fuels) increase greenhouse gases, leading to observable physical effects, and economic and social consequences.
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Description
Explore the fascinating concepts of plate tectonics and the rock cycle. This quiz covers the types of plate movements, their effects on Earth, and how rocks are classified into igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic types. Test your knowledge of these fundamental geological processes!
