Plants: Form and Function Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of guard cells in plant leaves?

  • Regulating gas exchange (correct)
  • Photosynthesis
  • Transporting nutrients
  • Providing structural support

    • Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of parenchyma cells?

  • Unevenly thickened cell walls (correct)
  • Thin primary cell walls
  • Ability to divide and regenerate
  • Living at maturity

    • What role do chloroplasts primarily serve in plant cells?

  • Cellular respiration
  • Photosynthesis (correct)
  • Structural support
  • Nutrient storage

    • The large central vacuole in plant cells is primarily responsible for which function?

    <p>Maintaining cell turgor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of plant cell provides structural support while allowing flexibility?

    <p>Collenchyma cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component of the plant cell wall?

    <p>Cellulose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Plasmodesmata are important for which function in plant cells?

    <p>Facilitating cell communication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of tissue primarily makes up mesophyll in plant leaves?

    <p>Ground tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary function does the xylem tissue serve in plants?

    <p>Convey water and dissolved minerals upward</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the dermal tissue system acts as a protective covering for plants?

    <p>Cuticle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of ground tissue in plants?

    <p>Accounts for most of the bulk and fills spaces in the plant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In eudicot stems, how are vascular bundles typically arranged?

    <p>In a ring formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the cortex play in a plant?

    <p>Store food and absorb minerals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the plant allows for the exchange of CO2 and O2?

    <p>Stomata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the endodermis in plant tissue?

    <p>Regulate passage of substances between cortex and vascular tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the vascular tissue system from the dermal and ground tissue systems?

    <p>It provides long-distance transport within the plant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary hormone involved in the autumn color change and leaf loss in deciduous trees?

    <p>Ethylene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tropism is specifically related to a plant's response to light?

    <p>Phototropism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do phytochromes play in plants?

    <p>They detect light and help set the biological clock.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which plant hormone is synthetically produced to effectively kill weeds?

    <p>2,4-D</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of thigmotropism in plants?

    <p>To respond to touch and support growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do plants primarily defend themselves against herbivores?

    <p>By creating toxic chemicals and physical barriers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of circadian rhythms in plants?

    <p>They manage sleep movements and align with daily cycles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily triggers the response of gravitropism in plants?

    <p>Settlement of organelles due to gravity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes monocots from eudicots regarding their seed leaves?

    <p>Monocots have one seed leaf.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature is associated with monocots in their leaf structure?

    <p>Leaves display parallel veins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are the vascular tissues organized in the stems of monocots?

    <p>In a scattered pattern.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of root system do monocots typically possess?

    <p>A shallow fibrous root system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding the flowers of eudicots?

    <p>Their parts are in multiples of four or five.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of subterranean roots in plants?

    <p>To absorb water and minerals from the soil.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of plant would you most likely find a large taproot?

    <p>Eudicots.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is NOT associated with flowers of monocots?

    <p>Petals and other parts in multiples of four.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an essential element for plants?

    <p>A nutrient that must be obtained from the environment to complete the life cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes macronutrients?

    <p>Elements required in large amounts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact do nutrient deficiencies have on plants?

    <p>They can decrease the nutritional value of crops and affect livestock and human consumers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common sign of nitrogen deficiency in plants?

    <p>Stunted growth and yellow-green leaves starting at the tips</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What compounds are useful for addressing nitrogen deficiencies?

    <p>Dissolved nitrate ions (NO3-) and ammonium ions (NH4+)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nutrient deficiency is the most common in plants?

    <p>Nitrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can growers diagnose nutrient deficiencies in plants?

    <p>Through visual symptoms and laboratory chemical analysis of soil and plant samples</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do fertilizers play in plant health?

    <p>Fertilizers promote plant growth by supplying essential nutrients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of fertilizers?

    <p>To prevent nutrient deficiencies in plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the 'N-P-K ratio' in fertilizers refer to?

    <p>The relative amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines inorganic fertilizers?

    <p>They primarily contain naturally occurring inorganic compounds or synthetic compounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is compost primarily composed of?

    <p>Decomposed organic matter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do plants primarily obtain nitrogen?

    <p>By having relationships with soil bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do mycorrhizae play for plants?

    <p>They enhance nutrient and water absorption for the plant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What component of fertile soil helps support the growth of organisms that enhance soil fertility?

    <p>Humus, or decaying organic material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of waste should be avoided when creating compost?

    <p>Meat, fat, and bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Plants: Form and Function

    • Plants, including flowering plants, dominate the land, with approximately 250,000 species.

    • Angiosperms are divided into two major groups: monocots and eudicots. The groups are named based on the number of seed leaves (cotyledons) present in the embryo.

    Plant Structure and Function

    • A typical plant has three basic organs: roots, stems, and leaves

    • Plant structure reflects their evolutionary history as land organisms, requiring resource acquisition from two distinct environments: the absorbing below-ground environment and the light above-ground environment

    Monocots

    • Monocots include common plants like orchids, bamboos, palms, lilies, and grasses.

    • Monocot leaves display parallel veins.

    • Monocot stems have scattered vascular bundles.

    • Monocot flowers have parts in multiples of three.

    • Monocot roots form a shallow, fibrous root system and are well-suited for shallow soils with light rainfall.

    Eudicots

    • Eudicots include most flowering plants, many food crops, numerous ornamentals, most shrubs, and trees (excluding gymnosperms).

    • Eudicot leaves show branched vein networks.

    • Eudicot stems exhibit vascular bundles arranged in a ring.

    • Eudicot flowers tend to have parts in multiples of four or five.

    • Eudicots typically have a taproot system with a large vertical root that extends deep into the soil, making them well adapted to soils with deep groundwater. This enables them to grow tall.

    Plant Tissues

    • Plants have three basic tissue systems: dermal, vascular, and ground tissues.

    • Dermal Tissue: The epidermis, the outermost protective layer, and the cuticle are part of the dermal system.

    • Vascular Tissue: Xylem and phloem. Xylem transports water and minerals, while phloem transports sugars.

    • Ground Tissue: Pith and cortex store food and support the plant body.

    Plant Cells

    • Five major types of cells are present in a plant, each with unique structural and functional adaptations:
    1. Parenchyma cells – Versatile cells generally involved in photosynthesis, storage, and secretion. They have thin primary cell walls, large central vacuoles and they're living at maturity. These cells are found in ground tissue.
    2. Collenchyma cells – They have unevenly thickened cell walls. These cells are living at maturity. These cells are found in the ground tissue.
    3. Sclerenchyma cells – They have thick secondary cell walls and usually dead at maturity. They come in two forms: fibers (long, slender, often used for support) and sclereids (shorter, irregularly shaped, sometimes found in seed coats and nutshells).
    4. Xylem cells – Primarily concerned with water and mineral transport. The two main types in xylem are tracheids (elongated cells) and vessel elements (larger, wider cells), both of which are dead at maturity and have thick lignified cell walls. Tracheids and vessel elements are found in the vascular tissue.
    5. Phloem cells – Involved in the transport of organic compounds. Includes sieve-tube elements and companion cells. Sieve tube elements transport materials and are alive at maturity, but they lack nuclei relying on companion cells for metabolic functions.

    Plant Nutrients, Soil, Nutrition, and Symbiosis

    • Plant health relies on obtaining essential inorganic nutrients—different from animals. Plants are autotrophs, relying on CO₂ and inorganic substances from soil and air for growth.

    • Essential elements include macronutrients (needed in large quantities) and micronutrients (needed in small quantities). Examples of macronutrients are nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, as well as essential elements like carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen.

    Plant Responses to Stimuli

    • Tropisms are directional growth responses to various environmental stimuli, including light (phototropism), gravity (gravitropism), and touch (thigmotropism).

    • Plants have an internal biological clock influencing daily activities like sleep movements and other rhythms (circadian rhythms).

    • Photoperiod, the ratio of day and night lengths, influences seasonal processes, such as flowering. Phytochromes, light-sensitive proteins, monitor photoperiod and set the biological clock, affecting flowering times.

    Plant Defenses

    • Plants have evolved defenses against herbivores (which may include physical barriers like thorns, and toxins) and also microbes.

    Plant Hormones

    • Plant hormones like auxin, cytokinins, gibberellins, abscisic acid, and ethylene direct growth and development, including roles in inhibiting growth, fruit ripening, plant responses to environmental cues, and other activities.

    Fertilizers

    • Fertilizers can prevent nutrient deficiencies in plants and are commonly used in agriculture. Fertilizers come in two main forms and differ based on their chemical composition.

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    Plant Structure and Functions PDF

    Description

    Explore the diversity of plants, focusing on their structure and function. This quiz covers angiosperms, including monocots and eudicots, and their distinguishing features. Understand how plants adapt to both below-ground and above-ground environments.

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