16 Questions
Which of the following is NOT a type of germplasm material?
Hybrid varieties
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of plant genetic resources (PGR)?
Consists of only modern cultivars and breeding lines
What is the primary purpose of plant genetic resources (PGR)?
To provide basic materials for launching crop improvement programs
Which of the following is NOT a source for collecting plant genetic resources?
Commercial seed companies
What is the primary advantage of using marker-assisted selection (MAS) in plant breeding?
It enables the selection of plants at early stages of seedling growth
What is the primary goal of plant breeding programs?
To improve crop productivity and desirable traits
What is the primary purpose of conventional and non-conventional breeding programs?
To introduce new genetic traits that improve crop productivity and stress tolerance
What is the definition of crop domestication according to the text?
The process of putting wild plant species under human management
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of natural selection described in the text?
Artificial selection
What is the primary difference between environmental selection and competitive selection during natural selection?
Environmental selection is driven by external abiotic factors, while competitive selection is driven by biotic interactions
Which of the following genetic traits would be most important to target in a plant breeding program, according to the information provided?
Higher tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses
What is the primary goal of conservation genetics according to the passage?
To maintain genetic diversity at many levels
Which of the following genetic resources are mentioned in the passage?
Plant, animal, and microbial/fungal genetic resources
According to the passage, which of the following strategies is used for the in situ conservation of plant genetic resources?
In situ conservation
What is the relationship between plant breeding and the conservation of genetic resources according to the passage?
All of the above
What is the role of natural selection in plant breeding according to the passage?
Natural selection is not mentioned in the passage
Study Notes
MAS (Marker-Assisted Selection)
- MAS can be used on seed or at early stages of seedling to aid time and efforts for selecting the plants to give the next generation
- It includes morphological, biochemical, or DNA/RNA markers
Germplasm
- The total of hereditary material, i.e., all the alleles of various genes, presented in a crop species and its wild relative
- Consists of five types of materials: land races, obsolete varieties, varieties in cultivation, breeding lines, and wild forms and wild relatives
Crop Genetic Resources
- The total of genes in crop species
- Important features of PGR (Plant Genetic Resources):
- Represents the entire genetic variability or diversity available in a crop species
- Consists of land races, modern cultivars, obsolete cultivars, breeding stocks, wild forms, and wild species of cultivated crops
- Includes both cultivated and wild species and relatives of crop plants
- Collected from centers of diversity, gene banks, gene sanctuaries, farmers' fields, markets, and seed companies
- Basic materials for launching a crop improvement program
- May be indigenous (collected within country) or exotic (collected from foreign countries)
Domestication
- The process of putting wild species under human management
- All our cultivated crops started by domestication
- Selection under domestication:
- Natural selection: environmental selection, competitive selection
- Artificial selection
Natural Selection
- When different genotypes present in a population reproduce at different rates
- Operates through two mechanisms: environmental selection and competition selection
Conservation Genetics
- Goal: to maintain genetic diversity at many levels and to provide tools for population monitoring and assessment
- Genetic resources for food and agriculture:
- Plant genetic resources
- Animal genetic resources
- Microbial and fungal genetic resources
Improving Biodiversity in Agriculture
- Exploration and collection of plant genetic resources (PGR)
- Evaluation and characterization of PGR
- Ex situ conservation
- Conservation of PGR in situ conservation
- Different strategies used for in situ and ex situ conservation of plant genetic resources
Genetic Resources and Plant Breeding
- Most breeding programs depend on the available genetic makeup of the plant or animal
- Breeders always look to improve the productivity of animals and crops by producing new cultivars or living stocks that can give high performance under specific areas and tolerate adverse environments or stresses
Test your knowledge on markers, germplasm, and genetics of plants with this quiz. Explore topics like morphological, biochemical markers, DNA/RNA markers, and the concept of germplasm.
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