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Questions and Answers
What are the primary advantages of micropropagation?
Which of the following describes somaclonal variations accurately?
What is the primary purpose of DNA fingerprinting in plants?
Which of the following best describes the distinction between Southern and Northern blotting?
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What characterizes test tube fertilization in plants?
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Which enzyme is most commonly associated with the PCR technique?
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What is a potential application of marker-assisted selection in crop improvement?
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What is one of the main roles of antioxidants in nutrient media?
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Which of the following is NOT a cause of somaclonal variation in plants?
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Protoplast fusion is a method used in plant biotechnology to create hybrid plants.
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What is the primary component of nutrient media used in plant tissue culture?
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_____ is the technique used to analyze the presence or absence of specific DNA sequences.
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
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Which antioxidant is commonly used in nutrient media for plant tissue culture?
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Genetic engineering can only be performed using vector-mediated methods.
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Name two applications of marker-assisted selection in crop improvement.
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The process of ____ is when a plant cell reverts to a less specialized form and then differentiates into various types.
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In vitro conditions for tissue cultured plants are heterotrophic in nature.
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Study Notes
Elementary Plant Biotechnology
- Molecular marker: A DNA sequence used to identify individuals or specific genes.
- Types:
- Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP)
- Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs)
- Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD)
- Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP)
- Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP)
- Applications:
- Crop improvement
- Genetic diversity analysis
- Mapping of genes
- Marker-assisted selection (MAS)
- Types:
Somaclonal Variation
- Definition: Variation occurring in plants derived from somatic tissues through tissue culture.
- Causes:
- Genetic instability
- Mutations
- Epigenetic changes
Nutrient Media
- Definition: A solution containing nutrients essential for plant growth in vitro.
- Antioxidants: Used to prevent oxidation of nutrients in the medium.
- Examples: Ascorbic acid, glutathione, cysteine
- Antibiotics: Added to prevent microbial contamination.
- Examples: Penicillin, streptomycin, kanamycin
Totipotency
- Definition: Ability of a single cell to develop into a complete organism.
- Dedifferentiation: Loss of specialized cell characteristics and becoming undifferentiated.
- Redifferentiation: The process of differentiated cells regaining their original characteristics.
Micropropagation
- Definition: A technique for rapid multiplication of plants using tissue culture.
- Advantages:
- Rapid multiplication
- Production of virus-free plants
- Production of genetically identical plants (clones)
- Production of disease-resistant plants
- Propagation of difficult-to-propagate plants
PCR Technique
- Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
- Steps:
- Denaturation: Heating to separate DNA strands
- Annealing: Primers attach to target DNA sequence
- Extension: DNA polymerase synthesizes new DNA strands
- Steps:
Blotting
- Definition: Techniques for transferring DNA, RNA or proteins from a gel to a membrane for analysis.
- Types:
- Southern blotting: DNA transferred to a membrane
- Northern blotting: RNA transferred to a membrane
- Western blotting: Proteins transferred to a membrane
- Southern vs Northern blotting: Southern uses DNA, Northern uses RNA and both are used to detect specific sequences.
DNA Fingerprinting
- Definition: Technique used to identify individuals based on unique DNA patterns.
- Procedure:
- Extraction of DNA
- Restriction enzymes cut DNA into fragments.
- Separation of fragments by electrophoresis
- Transfer of fragments to a membrane
- Hybridization with a probe.
- Visualization of bands.
Somatic Embryogenesis
- Two types:
- Direct: Embryos form directly from explants.
- Indirect: Formation of callus and then embryos from callus.
- Applications:
- Production of embryo rescue
- Germplasm conservation
- Plant breeding
- Mass propagation
Protoplast Fusion
- Definition: Fusion of protoplasts (plant cells without cell walls) to create hybrid plants.
- Spontaneous fusion: Protoplasts fuse naturally under specific conditions.
- Induced fusion: Fusion facilitated by chemical or electrical methods.
Plant Biotechnology
- Importance in Horticulture:
- Developing disease resistant crops
- Creating new cultivars
- Enhanced nutrient utilization
- Improved stress tolerance
- Production of pharmaceutical products
Test Tube Fertilization
- Definition: Fertilization of an egg cell with a sperm cell in vitro.
- Applications:
- Assisted reproductive technology in humans
- In vitro fertilization in animals
Genetic Engineering
- Definition: Modification of an organism’s genome.
- Vector-mediated: Uses a carrier (vector) to introduce foreign DNA into a host cell.
- Vector-less methods: Direct delivery of DNA without a carrier.
Examples of Nanomaterials Used in Nano-biotechnology
- Carbon nanotubes: Used in bio-sensing, drug delivery.
- Quantum dots: Used in bio-imaging, diagnostics
- Graphene: Used in biosensors, drug delivery
Applications of Marker-Assisted Selection (MAS) in Crop Improvement
- Identification of genes for desirable traits
- Selection of superior individuals based on molecular markers
- Increased efficiency in breeding programs
Synthetic /Artificial Seed
- Definition: Mimics natural seeds, formed from a single cell (somatic embryo), covered with a protective coating.
- Applications:
- Faster propagation
- Improved genetic purity
- Clonal propagation without the need for plant tissue culture.
Matching Pairs
- Meristem culture: Virus-free plants of Dahlia
- Agrobacterium tumefaciens: Crown gall disease
- Thermus aquaticus: DNA polymerase
- Habituation: Callus
True or False
- Letham derived kinetin-like substance from Maize endosperm and named it Picloram. False
- Glossy and glassy appearance of tissue cultured plants is called ex vitro. False
- EDTA is not a chelating agent. False
- Tissue cultured plants within in vitro conditions are autotrophic in nature. False
Molecular Markers
- Molecular marker is any identifiable DNA sequence that varies between individuals
- Types of molecular markers:
- RFLP
- RAPD
- AFLP
- SSR
- SNP
- Applications of molecular markers in crop improvement:
- Marker-assisted selection
- Genetic mapping
- DNA fingerprinting
- Parental verification
- Variety identification
Somaclonal Variation
- Somaclonal variation is the genetic variation observed in plants that have been been regenerated from tissue culture
- Causes of somaclonal variation:
- Chromosomal aberrations
- Gene mutations
- Epigenetic changes
Nutrient Media
- Tissue culture media contain nutrients for plant growth
- Antioxidants:
- Ascorbic acid
- Citric Acid
- Glutathione
- Antibiotics:
- Penicillin
- Streptomycin
- Kanamycin
Totipotency
- Totipotency is the ability of a single cell to develop into a complete organism
- Dedifferentiation: Loss of cell specialization
- Redifferentiation: Reconstitution of specialized cells
Micropropagation
- Micropropagation is the propagation of plants from small pieces of tissue under sterile conditions
- Advantages of micropropagation:
- Rapid multiplication of elite plants
- Production of virus-free plants
- Propagation of difficult-to-propagate species
- Production of genetically identical plants
PCR Technique
- PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) is a technique used to amplify a specific DNA sequence
- Steps of PCR technique:
- Denaturation (high temperature to separate DNA strands)
- Annealing (primers bind to the separated strands)
- Extension (DNA polymerase synthesizes new DNA strands)
Blotting Techniques
- Blotting is a technique for transferring DNA, RNA or proteins from a gel to a membrane
- Types of blotting:
- Southern blotting (DNA)
- Northern blotting (RNA)
- Western blotting (proteins)
- Southern blotting: Transfer of DNA fragments to a membrane
- Northern blotting: Transfer of RNA fragments to a membrane
DNA Fingerprinting
- DNA fingerprinting is a technique used to identify individuals based on their DNA profile
- Procedure of DNA fingerprinting:
- DNA extraction
- Restriction enzyme digestion
- Electrophoresis
- Blotting
- Hybridization with probes
Somatic Embryogenesis
- Somatic embryogenesis is the formation of embryos from somatic cells
- Types of somatic embryogenesis:
- Direct somatic embryogenesis (embryos develop directly from somatic cells)
- Indirect somatic embryogenesis (embryos develop from callus tissue)
- Applications of somatic embryogenesis:
- Production of disease-free plants
- Production of genetically modified plants
- Production of synthetic seeds
Protoplast Fusion
- Protoplast fusion is the fusion of protoplasts (plant cells without cell walls)
- Spontaneous fusion: fusion occurs naturally
- Induced fusion: fusion is induced by chemical or electrical methods
Plant Biotechnology
- Plant Biotechnology: the use of biological techniques to improve plants and their products
- Importance of Plant Biotechnology in Horticulture:
- Improved disease resistance
- Increased crop yields
- Production of new crops
- Production of biofertilizers and biopesticides
Test Tube Fertilization
- In vitro fertilization (test tube fertilization) is a technique used to fertilize egg cells outside of the body
- Applications of test tube fertilization:
- Assisted reproduction (e.g., IVF)
- Genetic engineering
Genetic Engineering
- Genetic engineering: the direct manipulation of an organism's genome
- Vector-mediated gene transfer: Use of a vector (e.g., virus, plasmid) to deliver a gene into a cell
- Vector-less gene transfer: Direct delivery of a gene into a cell (e.g., electroporation, biolistics)
Nanotechnology
- Nanoparticles are materials with at least one dimension in the nanometer scale (1 nm = 10^-9 meters)
- Types of nanomaterials:
- Carbon nanotubes
- Quantum dots
- Fullerenes
- Nano-biotechnology: applications of nanomaterials in agriculture and biology
Marker-assisted Selection (MAS)
- Marker-assisted selection (MAS) is a breeding technique that uses molecular markers to identify genes of interest
- Applications of MAS in crop improvement:
- Selection of desired genotypes
- Backcrossing
- pyramiding of genes
Synthetic Seeds
- Synthetic seed: A seed-like structure that contains a plant embryo encapsulated in a protective matrix
- Synthetic seeds offer the following advantages:
- Convenient storage
- High viability
- Disease resistance
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Description
Test your knowledge on elementary plant biotechnology concepts, including molecular markers and somaclonal variation. This quiz covers essential topics like nutrient media, their components, and applications in crop improvement and genetic analysis.
