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Questions and Answers
Where does the neurosecretory material aggregate in the neurohypophysis?
Where does the neurosecretory material aggregate in the neurohypophysis?
Which cells in the neurohypophysis most closely resemble astrocytic neuroglia?
Which cells in the neurohypophysis most closely resemble astrocytic neuroglia?
What are the two hormones produced by the neurons in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei?
What are the two hormones produced by the neurons in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei?
Which substance is synthesized along with the hormones of the neurohypophysis but cleaved before reaching the axon terminal?
Which substance is synthesized along with the hormones of the neurohypophysis but cleaved before reaching the axon terminal?
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What structure is a dorsal extension of the posterior roof of the diencephalon, attaching to the third ventricle?
What structure is a dorsal extension of the posterior roof of the diencephalon, attaching to the third ventricle?
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The capsule of the pineal gland is continuous with which structure?
The capsule of the pineal gland is continuous with which structure?
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What is the major cell type of the pineal gland?
What is the major cell type of the pineal gland?
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Which structures are concretions of calcium phosphate in the pineal gland, visible on CT scans?
Which structures are concretions of calcium phosphate in the pineal gland, visible on CT scans?
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The pituitary gland is connected to the brain via the infundibular stalk and is situated within which depression of the sphenoid bone?
The pituitary gland is connected to the brain via the infundibular stalk and is situated within which depression of the sphenoid bone?
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Which of the following structures covers the pituitary gland?
Which of the following structures covers the pituitary gland?
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Into which venous structure does the pituitary gland primarily drain?
Into which venous structure does the pituitary gland primarily drain?
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The pars distalis, which constitutes the majority of the pituitary gland, is part of which subdivision?
The pars distalis, which constitutes the majority of the pituitary gland, is part of which subdivision?
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What is the distinguishing feature of the capillaries that surround the cell cords of the pars distalis?
What is the distinguishing feature of the capillaries that surround the cell cords of the pars distalis?
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Which of the following are acidophilic cells found in the adenohypophysis?
Which of the following are acidophilic cells found in the adenohypophysis?
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What hormone is produced by the acidophilic somatotropes of the adenohypophysis?
What hormone is produced by the acidophilic somatotropes of the adenohypophysis?
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Which of the following best describes the role of thyrotropes?
Which of the following best describes the role of thyrotropes?
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The release of FSH and LH is directly regulated by which hypothalamic hormone?
The release of FSH and LH is directly regulated by which hypothalamic hormone?
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Which of the following cell types is correctly paired with its primary product?
Which of the following cell types is correctly paired with its primary product?
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What is the common characteristic of thyrotropes, gonadotropes and corticotropes?
What is the common characteristic of thyrotropes, gonadotropes and corticotropes?
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Which of the following is NOT a primary function associated with pinealocytes?
Which of the following is NOT a primary function associated with pinealocytes?
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What is the histological arrangement of the thyroid gland?
What is the histological arrangement of the thyroid gland?
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Which of the following precursor hormones is cleaved to produce ACTH?
Which of the following precursor hormones is cleaved to produce ACTH?
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Which of these structures is NOT directly involved in thyroid hormone production and storage?
Which of these structures is NOT directly involved in thyroid hormone production and storage?
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What is the primary role of TRH?
What is the primary role of TRH?
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What is the primary mechanism by which follicular cells concentrate iodine for thyroid hormone synthesis?
What is the primary mechanism by which follicular cells concentrate iodine for thyroid hormone synthesis?
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From where are the releasing hormones that regulate hormones produced in the adenohypophysis secreted?
From where are the releasing hormones that regulate hormones produced in the adenohypophysis secreted?
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Which of the following is NOT directly produced by the adenohypophysis?
Which of the following is NOT directly produced by the adenohypophysis?
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What are the immediate precursors to T3 and T4, formed after the iodination of thyroglobulin?
What are the immediate precursors to T3 and T4, formed after the iodination of thyroglobulin?
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Where are T3 and T4 ultimately stored before being released into the bloodstream?
Where are T3 and T4 ultimately stored before being released into the bloodstream?
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What is the feedback control mechanism of thyroid hormone synthesis?
What is the feedback control mechanism of thyroid hormone synthesis?
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Which of the following describes the unique characteristic of thyroid follicular cells concerning their secretory product?
Which of the following describes the unique characteristic of thyroid follicular cells concerning their secretory product?
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What is the primary role of T3 and T4 in the body?
What is the primary role of T3 and T4 in the body?
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What effect does calcitonin have on osteoclasts?
What effect does calcitonin have on osteoclasts?
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Which cells in the parathyroid glands produce parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
Which cells in the parathyroid glands produce parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
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In which organs is T3 primarily generated from T4?
In which organs is T3 primarily generated from T4?
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What is the function of the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland?
What is the function of the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland?
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What type of cristae do the mitochondria in the zona fasciculata possess?
What type of cristae do the mitochondria in the zona fasciculata possess?
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Which glands are located at the dorsal surfaces of the thyroid gland lobes?
Which glands are located at the dorsal surfaces of the thyroid gland lobes?
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What primary hormone is produced by the zona fasciculata?
What primary hormone is produced by the zona fasciculata?
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Which layer of the adrenal cortex contains an anastomosing network of smaller, darker cells?
Which layer of the adrenal cortex contains an anastomosing network of smaller, darker cells?
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What is the main component that influences the synthesis of T3 and T4?
What is the main component that influences the synthesis of T3 and T4?
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What inclusions are abundant in the cells of the zona reticularis?
What inclusions are abundant in the cells of the zona reticularis?
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What is a unique characteristic of oxyphil cells in the parathyroid gland?
What is a unique characteristic of oxyphil cells in the parathyroid gland?
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Which hormone influences the function of the zona fasciculata and zona reticularis?
Which hormone influences the function of the zona fasciculata and zona reticularis?
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Dehydroepiandosterone produced in the zona reticularis is classified as what type of hormone?
Dehydroepiandosterone produced in the zona reticularis is classified as what type of hormone?
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The cells in the zona fasciculata are organized in what arrangement?
The cells in the zona fasciculata are organized in what arrangement?
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What is a distinguishing feature of the zona reticularis compared to the zona fasciculata?
What is a distinguishing feature of the zona reticularis compared to the zona fasciculata?
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Study Notes
Pituitary Gland
- Attaches to the base of the brain via the infundibular stalk
- Located within the sella turcica, a depression of the sphenoid bone
- Covered by the diaphragma sellae
- Venous drainage of the pars distalis and pars nervosa occurs via hypophyseal veins that empty into the cavernous sinus
Pars Distalis
- Comprises about 75% of the pituitary gland
- Part of the adeno-hypophysis
- Cells arranged in anastomosing cords
- Separated by fenestrated capillaries
Adenohypophysis Cell Types
- Somatotropes: Acidophilic; produce growth hormone (somatotropin), release is positively affected by GHRH and negatively affected by somatostatin
- Lactotropes/Mammotropes: Acidophilic; produce prolactin, release is positively affected by TRH and negatively affected by dopamine
- Thyrotropes: Basophilic; produce thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), release is regulated by TRH
- Gonadotropes: Basophilic; produce follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), release is regulated by GnRH
- Corticotropes: Basophilic; produce proopiomelanocortin (POMC), which is cleaved into ACTH and beta-lipotrophic hormone, release is regulated by CRH
Neuro-hypophysis
- Secretory site for neuro-hormones
- Cell bodies are in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei
- Produces oxytocin and ADH
Pineal Gland
- Dorsal extension of the posterior roof of the diencephalon
- Attaches to the third ventricle
- Covered by the pia mater
- Major cell type is the pinealocyte
- Contains glial cells, corpora arenacea
Thyroid Gland
- Formed of two lateral lobes connected by an isthmus
- Arranged into spherical follicles, filled with colloid
- Lined by follicular cells (simple cuboidal epithelium)
- Follicular cells produce thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)
Thyroid Gland Blood Supply
- Primarily from superior and inferior thyroid arteries
- Forms a rich plexus of veins
- Good lymphatic drainage
Thyroid Hormone Production/Storage
- Follicular cells concentrate iodine via ATPase transporters
- Rough endoplasmic reticulum synthesizes thyroglobulin
- Golgi apparatus adds more sugars to thyroglobulin
- Thyroglobulin released into follicle lumen and couples with iodine on tyrosine residues to form MIT and DIT
- MIT and DIT combine to form T3 and T4
- Stored as colloid in the lumen
Parafollicular Cells
- Large cells, staining poorly
- Located in the wall of the follicle beneath follicular cells or in the interstitium
- Produce calcitonin
Parathyroid Glands
- Located on the posterior surface of the thyroid
- Principal cells produce PTH
- Oxyphil cells have unknown functions
Adrenal Glands
- Blood circulation: Capsular, cortical, medullary arterioles
- Outer layer (zona glomerulosa): Rounded cell clumps, dependent on angiotensin II, produce aldosterone
- Middle layer (zona fasciculata): Cells in straight columns, dependent on ACTH, produce cortisol
- Inner layer (zona reticularis): Anastomosing network of smaller cells, dependent on ACTH, produce dehydroepiandrosterone
- Adrenal medulla: Modified postganglionic sympathetic neurons (chromaffin cells); produce epinephrine and norepinephrine
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Description
Explore the anatomy and functions of the pituitary gland, including its relation to the brain and the types of cells found in the adenohypophysis. This quiz delves into the roles of different hormone-producing cells and the regulatory mechanisms affecting their secretion. Perfect for students studying human anatomy or endocrinology.
