Endocrine Histology PDF

#separator:tab #html:true "The pituitary gland attaches to the base of the brain via the infundibular stalk. It lies within the [...], a depression of the sphenoid bone, and is covered by the diaphragma sellae." "The pituitary gland attaches to the base of the brain via the infundibular stalk. It li...

#separator:tab #html:true "The pituitary gland attaches to the base of the brain via the infundibular stalk. It lies within the [...], a depression of the sphenoid bone, and is covered by the diaphragma sellae." "The pituitary gland attaches to the base of the brain via the infundibular stalk. It lies within the sella turcica, a depression of the sphenoid bone, and is covered by the diaphragma sellae. " "The pituitary gland attaches to the base of the brain via the [...]. It lies within the sella turcica, a depression of the sphenoid bone, and is covered by the [...]." "The pituitary gland attaches to the base of the brain via the infundibular stalk. It lies within the sella turcica, a depression of the sphenoid bone, and is covered by the diaphragma sellae. " "The venous drainage of the pars distalis and pars nervosa is via hypophyseal veins that empty into the [...]." "The venous drainage of the pars distalis and pars nervosa is via hypophyseal veins that empty into the cavernous sinus. " "The pars distalis comprises most (~75%) of the pituitary gland and is part of the [adeno/neuro?]hypophysis. The anastomosing cords of cells are separated by [...] capillaries with wide lumens." "The pars distalis comprises most (~75%) of the pituitary gland and is part of the adenohypophysis. The anastomosing cords of cells are separated by fenestrated capillaries with wide lumens. " "The [...] comprises most (~75%) of the pituitary gland and is part of the adenohypophysis. The anastomosing cords of cells are separated by fenestrated capillaries with wide lumens." "The pars distalis comprises most (~75%) of the pituitary gland and is part of the adenohypophysis. The anastomosing cords of cells are separated by fenestrated capillaries with wide lumens. " "In the adenohypophysis, there are acidophilic [...] and [...]; there are also basophilic thyrotropes, gonadotropes, and corticotropes." "In the adenohypophysis, there are acidophilic somatotropes and lactotropes/mammotropes; there are also basophilic thyrotropes, gonadotropes, and corticotropes. " "In the adenohypophysis, there are acidophilic somatotropes and lactotropes/mammotropes; there are also basophilic [...], [...], and [...]." "In the adenohypophysis, there are acidophilic somatotropes and lactotropes/mammotropes; there are also basophilic thyrotropes, gonadotropes, and corticotropes. " "Somatotropes are [acido/baso?]philic [adeno/neuro?]hypophysis cells that produce growth hormone (somatotropin). This hormone performs its function via IGF-1, and its release is postively affected by GHRH and negatively affected by somatostatin, both from the hypothalamus." "Somatotropes are acidophilic adenohypophysis cells that produce growth hormone (somatotropin). This hormone performs its function via IGF-1, and its release is postively affected by GHRH and negatively affected by somatostatin, both from the hypothalamus. " "[...] are acidophilic adenohypophysis cells that produce growth hormone (somatotropin). This hormone performs its function via IGF-1, and its release is postively affected by GHRH and negatively affected by somatostatin, both from the hypothalamus." "Somatotropes are acidophilic adenohypophysis cells that produce growth hormone (somatotropin). This hormone performs its function via IGF-1, and its release is postively affected by GHRH and negatively affected by somatostatin, both from the hypothalamus. " "Somatotropes are acidophilic adenohypophysis cells that produce growth hormone (somatotropin). This hormone performs its function via [...], and its release is postively affected by [...] and negatively affected by [...], both from the hypothalamus." "Somatotropes are acidophilic adenohypophysis cells that produce growth hormone (somatotropin). This hormone performs its function via IGF-1, and its release is postively affected by GHRH and negatively affected by somatostatin, both from the hypothalamus. " "Somatotropes are acidophilic adenohypophysis cells that produce [...]. This hormone performs its function via IGF-1, and its release is postively affected by GHRH and negatively affected by somatostatin, both from the hypothalamus." "Somatotropes are acidophilic adenohypophysis cells that produce growth hormone (somatotropin). This hormone performs its function via IGF-1, and its release is postively affected by GHRH and negatively affected by somatostatin, both from the hypothalamus. " "Lactotropes/Mammotropes are [acido/baso?]philic [adeno/neuro?]hypophysis cells that produce prolactin. This hormone's release is postively affected by TRH and negatively affected by dopamine, both from the hypothalamus." "Lactotropes/Mammotropes are acidophilic adenohypophysis cells that produce prolactin. This hormone's release is postively affected by TRH and negatively affected by dopamine, both from the hypothalamus. " "Lactotropes/Mammotropes are acidophilic adenohypophysis cells that produce [...]. This hormone's release is postively affected by TRH and negatively affected by dopamine, both from the hypothalamus." "Lactotropes/Mammotropes are acidophilic adenohypophysis cells that produce prolactin. This hormone's release is postively affected by TRH and negatively affected by dopamine, both from the hypothalamus. " "Lactotropes/Mammotropes are acidophilic adenohypophysis cells that produce prolactin. This hormone's release is postively affected by [...] and negatively affected by [...], both from the hypothalamus." "Lactotropes/Mammotropes are acidophilic adenohypophysis cells that produce prolactin. This hormone's release is postively affected by TRH and negatively affected by dopamine, both from the hypothalamus. " "[...] are acidophilic adenohypophysis cells that produce prolactin. This hormone's release is postively affected by TRH and negatively affected by dopamine, both from the hypothalamus." "Lactotropes/Mammotropes are acidophilic adenohypophysis cells that produce prolactin. This hormone's release is postively affected by TRH and negatively affected by dopamine, both from the hypothalamus. " "Thyrotropes are [acido/baso?]philic [adeno/neuro?]hypophysis cells that produce TSH. This hormone stimulates production of thyroid hormone, and its release is regulated by TRH from the hypothalamus." "Thyrotropes are basophilic adenohypophysis cells that produce TSH. This hormone stimulates production of thyroid hormone, and its release is regulated by TRH from the hypothalamus. " "[...] are basophilic adenohypophysis cells that produce TSH. This hormone stimulates production of thyroid hormone, and its release is regulated by TRH from the hypothalamus." "Thyrotropes are basophilic adenohypophysis cells that produce TSH. This hormone stimulates production of thyroid hormone, and its release is regulated by TRH from the hypothalamus. " "Thyrotropes are basophilic adenohypophysis cells that produce [...]. This hormone stimulates production of thyroid hormone, and its release is regulated by TRH from the hypothalamus." "Thyrotropes are basophilic adenohypophysis cells that produce TSH. This hormone stimulates production of thyroid hormone, and its release is regulated by TRH from the hypothalamus. " "Thyrotropes are basophilic adenohypophysis cells that produce TSH. This hormone stimulates production of [...], and its release is regulated by [...] from the hypothalamus." "Thyrotropes are basophilic adenohypophysis cells that produce TSH. This hormone stimulates production of thyroid hormone, and its release is regulated by TRH from the hypothalamus. " "[...] are basophilic adenohypophysis cells that produce FSH and LH. This hormone's release is regulated by GnRH from the hypothalamus." "Gonadotropes are basophilic adenohypophysis cells that produce FSH and LH. This hormone's release is regulated by GnRH from the hypothalamus. " "Gonadotropes are [acido/baso?]philic [adeno/neuro?]hypophysis cells that produce FSH and LH. This hormone's release is regulated by GnRH from the hypothalamus." "Gonadotropes are basophilic adenohypophysis cells that produce FSH and LH. This hormone's release is regulated by GnRH from the hypothalamus. " "Gonadotropes are basophilic adenohypophysis cells that produce FSH and LH. This hormone's release is regulated by [...] from the hypothalamus." "Gonadotropes are basophilic adenohypophysis cells that produce FSH and LH. This hormone's release is regulated by GnRH from the hypothalamus. " "Gonadotropes are basophilic adenohypophysis cells that produce [two things]. This hormone's release is regulated by GnRH from the hypothalamus." "Gonadotropes are basophilic adenohypophysis cells that produce FSH and LH. This hormone's release is regulated by GnRH from the hypothalamus. " "Corticotropes are [acido/baso?]philic [adeno/neuro?]hypophysis cells that produce proopiomelanocortin. This hormone is cleaved into ACTH and beta-lipotrophic hormone. Its release is regulated by CRH from the hypothalamus." "Corticotropes are basophilic adenohypophysis cells that produce proopiomelanocortin. This hormone is cleaved into ACTH and beta-lipotrophic hormone. Its release is regulated by CRH from the hypothalamus. " "Corticotropes are basophilic adenohypophysis cells that produce [...]. This hormone is cleaved into ACTH and beta-lipotrophic hormone. Its release is regulated by CRH from the hypothalamus." "Corticotropes are basophilic adenohypophysis cells that produce proopiomelanocortin. This hormone is cleaved into ACTH and beta-lipotrophic hormone. Its release is regulated by CRH from the hypothalamus. " "[...] are basophilic adenohypophysis cells that produce proopiomelanocortin. This hormone is cleaved into ACTH and beta-lipotrophic hormone. Its release is regulated by CRH from the hypothalamus." "Corticotropes are basophilic adenohypophysis cells that produce proopiomelanocortin. This hormone is cleaved into ACTH and beta-lipotrophic hormone. Its release is regulated by CRH from the hypothalamus. " "Corticotropes are basophilic adenohypophysis cells that produce proopiomelanocortin. This hormone is cleaved into [...] and [...]. Its release is regulated by [...] from the hypothalamus." "Corticotropes are basophilic adenohypophysis cells that produce proopiomelanocortin. This hormone is cleaved into ACTH and beta-lipotrophic hormone. Its release is regulated by CRH from the hypothalamus. " "[...] are inactive or depleted cells of the hypophysis, which used to be either acidophils or basophils, and are relatively unstained. They have released their granule contents and cannot be identified." "Chromophobes are inactive or depleted cells of the hypophysis, which used to be either acidophils or basophils, and are relatively unstained. They have released their granule contents and cannot be identified. " Describe the regulation of hormone release in the pars distalis of the hypophysis. Hypothalamic neurons synthesize regulating factorsFactors released into median eminence -> travel through hypophyseal portalFactors bind to receptors of cells in pars distalisFeedback system on adenohypophysis and hypothalamus mediates process "The neurohypophysis is the secretory site for neurons with cell bodies in the [...] and [...]." "The neurohypophysis is the secretory site for neurons with cell bodies in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei. Nuclei are found in the hypothalamus" "The major cell of the neurohypophysis is the pituicyte, which resembles astrocytic neuroglia. The neurosecretory material aggregates in dilations called Herring bodies. Separate populations of neurons in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei produce the two hormones: [...] and [...]." "The major cell of the neurohypophysis is the pituicyte, which resembles astrocytic neuroglia. The neurosecretory material aggregates in dilations called Herring bodies. Separate populations of neurons in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei produce the two hormones: oxytocin and ADH. Along with the hormones, neurophysin is synthesized but cleaved en route to the axon terminal." "The major cell of the neurohypophysis is the [...], which resembles astrocytic neuroglia. The neurosecretory material aggregates in dilations called Herring bodies. Separate populations of neurons in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei produce the two hormones: oxytocin and ADH." "The major cell of the neurohypophysis is the pituicyte, which resembles astrocytic neuroglia. The neurosecretory material aggregates in dilations called Herring bodies. Separate populations of neurons in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei produce the two hormones: oxytocin and ADH. Along with the hormones, neurophysin is synthesized but cleaved en route to the axon terminal." "The major cell of the neurohypophysis is the pituicyte, which resembles astrocytic neuroglia. The neurosecretory material aggregates in dilations called [...]. Separate populations of neurons in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei produce the two hormones: oxytocin and ADH." "The major cell of the neurohypophysis is the pituicyte, which resembles astrocytic neuroglia. The neurosecretory material aggregates in dilations called Herring bodies. Separate populations of neurons in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei produce the two hormones: oxytocin and ADH. Along with the hormones, neurophysin is synthesized but cleaved en route to the axon terminal." "The [...] is a dorsal extension of the posterior roof of the diencephalon, attaching to the third ventricle. It is covered by a capsule that is continuous with the pia mater." "The pineal gland is a dorsal extension of the posterior roof of the diencephalon, attaching to the third ventricle. It is covered by a capsule that is continuous with the pia mater. " "The pineal gland is a dorsal extension of the posterior roof of the diencephalon, attaching to the third ventricle. It is covered by a capsule that is continuous with the [...] mater." "The pineal gland is a dorsal extension of the posterior roof of the diencephalon, attaching to the third ventricle. It is covered by a capsule that is continuous with the pia mater. " "The major cell type of the pineal gland is the [...], which is relatively large and has crenated nuclei with prominent nucleoli and long cytoplasmic processes ending in a club shape. The other features are [...] cells and [...], which are concretions of calcium phosphate that can be seen in CT scans." "The major cell type of the pineal gland is the pinealocyte, which is relatively large and has crenated nuclei with prominent nucleoli and long cytoplasmic processes ending in a club shape. The other features are glial cells and corpora arenacea, which are concretions of calcium phosphate that can be seen in CT scans. " Summarize the functions of the pineal gland. Pinealocytes produce serotonin, melatonin, and other peptidesCan regulate gonadal function -> tumors destroying pineal cause early pubertyRole in adjusting to changes in day length + seasonal affective disorder "The thyroid gland is formed of two lateral lobes connected by an isthmus, found at the level of the larynx. It is arranged into spherical follicles filled with colloid and lined by follicular cells that form a [...] epithelium." "The thyroid gland is formed of two lateral lobes connected by an isthmus, found at the level of the larynx. It is arranged into spherical follicles filled with colloid and lined by follicular cells that form a simple cuboidal epithelium. " "The [...] is formed of two lateral lobes connected by an isthmus, found at the level of the larynx. It is arranged into spherical follicles filled with colloid and lined by follicular cells that form a simple cuboidal epithelium." "The thyroid gland is formed of two lateral lobes connected by an isthmus, found at the level of the larynx. It is arranged into spherical follicles filled with colloid and lined by follicular cells that form a simple cuboidal epithelium. " Summarize the blood supply of the thyroid gland. Mostly from superior and inferior thyroid aa.Delivers blood to fenestrated capillariesVeins form rich plexusGood lymphatic drainage "The thyroid follicular cells produce [...] and [...] and are the only endocrine cells with extracellular storage of their secretory product." "The thyroid follicular cells produce thyroxin (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) and are the only endocrine cells with extracellular storage of their secretory product. " Describe the mechanism of thyroid hormone production and storage. Follicular cells concentrate iodine via ATPase transportersrER synthesizes thyroglobulins with mannose and glucosamineGolgi condenses and adds more sugarsTG released into follicle lumen with thyroid peroxidaseIodine couples to TG tyrosine -> MIT and DITCoupling of MITs and DITs forms either T3 or T4 -> stored as colloid in lumenTaken up by follicular cells and hydrolyzed to release T3 and T4 "All stages of T3 and T4 synthesis are controlled by [...] in a feedback control loop. Of these, T3 is more active and is generated from the other in the kidney, liver, and heart." "All stages of T3 and T4 synthesis are controlled by TSH in a feedback control loop. Of these, T3 is more active and is generated from the other in the kidney, liver, and heart. T3 and T4 regulate metabolism, heat production, tissue growth" "All stages of T3 and T4 synthesis are controlled by TSH in a feedback control loop. Of these, [...] is more active and is generated from the other in the kidney, liver, and heart." "All stages of T3 and T4 synthesis are controlled by TSH in a feedback control loop. Of these, T3 is more active and is generated from the other in the kidney, liver, and heart. T3 and T4 regulate metabolism, heat production, tissue growth" "The [...] cells of the thyroid gland are large and stain poorly. They can be found in the wall of the follicle beneath follicular cells or in the interstitium between follicles. These cells produce calcitonin." "The parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland are large and stain poorly. They can be found in the wall of the follicle beneath follicular cells or in the interstitium between follicles. These cells produce calcitonin. Calcitonin depresses osteoclasts and increases renal/intestinal Ca excretion -> lower blood calcium" "The parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland are large and stain poorly. They can be found in the wall of the follicle beneath follicular cells or in the interstitium between follicles. These cells produce [...]." "The parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland are large and stain poorly. They can be found in the wall of the follicle beneath follicular cells or in the interstitium between follicles. These cells produce calcitonin. Calcitonin depresses osteoclasts and increases renal/intestinal Ca excretion -> lower blood calcium" "The [...] glands are associated at the dorsal surfaces of the thyroid gland lobes; these glands are essential for life. There are two cell types: principal cells, which produce [...], and oxyphil cells, which are larger and have unknown function." "The parathyroid glands are associated at the dorsal surfaces of the thyroid gland lobes; these glands are essential for life. There are two cell types: principal cells, which produce PTH, and oxyphil cells, which are larger and have unknown function. PTH has the opposite action of calcitonin -> increase blood Ca" "The parathyroid glands are associated at the dorsal surfaces of the thyroid gland lobes; these glands are essential for life. There are two cell types: [...] cells, which produce PTH, and [...] cells, which are larger and have unknown function." "The parathyroid glands are associated at the dorsal surfaces of the thyroid gland lobes; these glands are essential for life. There are two cell types: principal cells, which produce PTH, and oxyphil cells, which are larger and have unknown function. PTH has the opposite action of calcitonin -> increase blood Ca" Summarize the blood circulation of the adrenal glands. Capsular -> cortical -> medullary (arterioles)No veins in adrenal cortex -> return at corticomedullary junction to meet with medullary arterioles "The outer layer of the adrenal cortex is the [...], which has rounded cell clumps that are dependent on angiotensin II and produce aldosterone." "The outer layer of the adrenal cortex is the zona glomerulosa, which has rounded cell clumps that are dependent on angiotensin II and produce aldosterone. Cells take up LDLs via receptor endocytosis to make hormones" "The outer layer of the adrenal cortex is the zona glomerulosa, which has rounded cell clumps that are dependent on [...] and produce [...]." "The outer layer of the adrenal cortex is the zona glomerulosa, which has rounded cell clumps that are dependent on angiotensin II and produce aldosterone. Cells take up LDLs via receptor endocytosis to make hormones" "The middle layer of the adrenal cortex is the [...], which has cells in straight columns, running radially, that are dependent on ACTH and produce mainly cortisol (a glucocorticoid). The cells have lots of sER and their mitochondria have tubulovesicular cristae." "The middle layer of the adrenal cortex is the zona fasciculata, which has cells in straight columns, running radially, that are dependent on ACTH and produce mainly cortisol (a glucocorticoid). The cells have lots of sER and their mitochondria have tubulovesicular cristae. " "The middle layer of the adrenal cortex is the zona fasciculata, which has cells in straight columns, running radially, that are dependent on ACTH and produce mainly cortisol (a glucocorticoid). The cells have lots of sER and their mitochondria have [what kind?] cristae." "The middle layer of the adrenal cortex is the zona fasciculata, which has cells in straight columns, running radially, that are dependent on ACTH and produce mainly cortisol (a glucocorticoid). The cells have lots of sER and their mitochondria have tubulovesicular cristae. " "The middle layer of the adrenal cortex is the zona fasciculata, which has cells in straight columns, running radially, that are dependent on [...] and produce mainly [...]. The cells have lots of sER and their mitochondria have tubulovesicular cristae." "The middle layer of the adrenal cortex is the zona fasciculata, which has cells in straight columns, running radially, that are dependent on ACTH and produce mainly cortisol (a glucocorticoid). The cells have lots of sER and their mitochondria have tubulovesicular cristae. " "The inner layer of the adrenal cortex is the zona reticularis, which has an anastomosing network of smaller, darker cells with lots of lipofuscin inclusions. They are dependent on [...] and produce mainly [...]." "The inner layer of the adrenal cortex is the zona reticularis, which has an anastomosing network of smaller, darker cells with lots of lipofuscin inclusions. They are dependent on ACTH and produce mainly dehydroepiandosterone (a gonadocorticoid). " "The inner layer of the adrenal cortex is the [...], which has an anastomosing network of smaller, darker cells with lots of lipofuscin inclusions. They are dependent on ACTH and produce mainly dehydroepiandosterone (a gonadocorticoid)." "The inner layer of the adrenal cortex is the zona reticularis, which has an anastomosing network of smaller, darker cells with lots of lipofuscin inclusions. They are dependent on ACTH and produce mainly dehydroepiandosterone (a gonadocorticoid). " "The inner layer of the adrenal cortex is the zona reticularis, which has an anastomosing network of smaller, darker cells with lots of [...] inclusions. They are dependent on ACTH and produce mainly dehydroepiandosterone (a gonadocorticoid)." "The inner layer of the adrenal cortex is the zona reticularis, which has an anastomosing network of smaller, darker cells with lots of lipofuscin inclusions. They are dependent on ACTH and produce mainly dehydroepiandosterone (a gonadocorticoid). " "The cells of the adrenal medulla are modified [...] with prominent Golgi complexes and secretory granules containing [...] that complex with the products of the medulla: epinephrine (80%) and norepinephrine (20%), which are produced by separate cell populations." "The cells of the adrenal medulla are modified postganglionic sympathetic neurons with prominent Golgi complexes and secretory granules containing chromogranins that complex with the products of the medulla: epinephrine (80%) and norepinephrine (20%), which are produced by separate cell populations. " "The cells of the adrenal medulla are modified postganglionic sympathetic neurons with prominent Golgi complexes and secretory granules containing chromogranins that complex with the products of the medulla: [...] (80%) and [...] (20%), which are produced by separate cell populations." "The cells of the adrenal medulla are modified postganglionic sympathetic neurons with prominent Golgi complexes and secretory granules containing chromogranins that complex with the products of the medulla: epinephrine (80%) and norepinephrine (20%), which are produced by separate cell populations. " Summarize how the adrenal cortex influences the medulla. Epinephrine producing cells contain PNMT -> synth epi from norepiSynthesis of PNMT induced by glucocorticoids from zona fasciculataGlucocorticoids suppress axon formation of adrenal medulla cells during development True/False: products of the adrenal cortex are stored in vesicles, whereas products of the adrenal medulla are not. False, it's the other way around. Define hypoadrenocorticism. Addison's DiseaseDestruction of adrenal cortex -> weakness, weight loss, hypotensionIncreased secretion of ACTH -> increased pigmentation Define hyperadrenocorticism. Cushing's SyndromeIncreased activity of adrenal cortex -> obesity, hirsutism, skin thinning Define Pheochromocytomas. Tumors of the adrenal medulla, leading to hypertension, elevated heart rate, anxiety, and weight loss "Blood supply to the pituitary gland comes from the superior and inferior hypophyseal arteries, both of which are branches of the [...] arteries. The former supplies the hypophyseal portal system, and the latter mostly supplies the pars nervosa." "Blood supply to the pituitary gland comes from the superior and inferior hypophyseal arteries, both of which are branches of the internal carotid arteries. The former supplies the hypophyseal portal system, and the latter mostly supplies the pars nervosa. " "Blood supply to the pituitary gland comes from the superior and inferior hypophyseal arteries, both of which are branches of the internal carotid arteries. The former supplies the [...], and the latter mostly supplies the [...]." "Blood supply to the pituitary gland comes from the superior and inferior hypophyseal arteries, both of which are branches of the internal carotid arteries. The former supplies the hypophyseal portal system, and the latter mostly supplies the pars nervosa. " "Blood supply to the pituitary gland comes from the [two] arteries, both of which are branches of the internal carotid arteries. The former supplies the hypophyseal portal system, and the latter mostly supplies the pars nervosa." "Blood supply to the pituitary gland comes from the superior and inferior hypophyseal arteries, both of which are branches of the internal carotid arteries. The former supplies the hypophyseal portal system, and the latter mostly supplies the pars nervosa. "