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What is a key characteristic of the sensorimotor stage in Piaget's cognitive theory of development?
What is a key characteristic of the sensorimotor stage in Piaget's cognitive theory of development?
At what age do children typically start to understand the concept of object permanence?
At what age do children typically start to understand the concept of object permanence?
What cognitive limitation do children exhibit during the preoperational stage?
What cognitive limitation do children exhibit during the preoperational stage?
What is meant by the term 'conservation' in Piaget's cognitive theory?
What is meant by the term 'conservation' in Piaget's cognitive theory?
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What behavior typically develops around the same time as object permanence?
What behavior typically develops around the same time as object permanence?
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In the concrete operational stage, what ability do children demonstrate?
In the concrete operational stage, what ability do children demonstrate?
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Which of the following stages in Piaget's theory is characterized by egocentrism?
Which of the following stages in Piaget's theory is characterized by egocentrism?
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What signifies the transition from the preoperational stage to the concrete operational stage?
What signifies the transition from the preoperational stage to the concrete operational stage?
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What is a characteristic of children raised by authoritarian parents?
What is a characteristic of children raised by authoritarian parents?
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Which parenting style is characterized by high demands and consistent limits combined with warmth?
Which parenting style is characterized by high demands and consistent limits combined with warmth?
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What does the cellular-clock theory propose about aging?
What does the cellular-clock theory propose about aging?
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Which theory explains aging as a result of accumulating external damage?
Which theory explains aging as a result of accumulating external damage?
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Which of the following stages is NOT one of the five stages of grief?
Which of the following stages is NOT one of the five stages of grief?
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What consequence is associated with permissive parenting styles?
What consequence is associated with permissive parenting styles?
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What is a common effect of memory loss related to aging?
What is a common effect of memory loss related to aging?
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In the context of parenting styles, which of the following pairs correctly describes 'permissive unindulged' parenting?
In the context of parenting styles, which of the following pairs correctly describes 'permissive unindulged' parenting?
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What concept do children in the concrete operational stage master when they recognize that changes in shape do not alter mass or volume?
What concept do children in the concrete operational stage master when they recognize that changes in shape do not alter mass or volume?
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Which cognitive ability is associated with the formal operational stage according to Piaget's theory?
Which cognitive ability is associated with the formal operational stage according to Piaget's theory?
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What is the main focus of Vygotsky's cognitive development theory?
What is the main focus of Vygotsky's cognitive development theory?
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What term describes the method where a mentor helps a child learn step by step?
What term describes the method where a mentor helps a child learn step by step?
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Children with which temperament are more likely to adapt well to changes in their environment?
Children with which temperament are more likely to adapt well to changes in their environment?
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What is a common characteristic of children with difficult temperaments?
What is a common characteristic of children with difficult temperaments?
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Which statement best describes attachment in psychological terms?
Which statement best describes attachment in psychological terms?
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In adolescence, what cognitive phenomenon may re-emerge according to Piaget's formal operational stage?
In adolescence, what cognitive phenomenon may re-emerge according to Piaget's formal operational stage?
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What type of attachment is characterized by the child preferring the caregiver over strangers and becoming unhappy when the caregiver leaves?
What type of attachment is characterized by the child preferring the caregiver over strangers and becoming unhappy when the caregiver leaves?
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How many pairs of chromosomes do human cells (excluding gametes) have?
How many pairs of chromosomes do human cells (excluding gametes) have?
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Which attachment type involves a child who is clingy yet rejects the caregiver, and does not feel secure enough to explore?
Which attachment type involves a child who is clingy yet rejects the caregiver, and does not feel secure enough to explore?
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At approximately what age does the concept of self begin to develop as evidenced by the mirror and nose painting test?
At approximately what age does the concept of self begin to develop as evidenced by the mirror and nose painting test?
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What determines the chromosomal sex in humans?
What determines the chromosomal sex in humans?
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According to Erikson's psychosocial development theory, how many stages of development do individuals experience throughout their lifespan?
According to Erikson's psychosocial development theory, how many stages of development do individuals experience throughout their lifespan?
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During which stage does the brain, heart, and other organs begin to develop?
During which stage does the brain, heart, and other organs begin to develop?
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What concept is described as gradual development?
What concept is described as gradual development?
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What happens when an individual fails to master the developmental tasks presented in Erikson's psychosocial theory?
What happens when an individual fails to master the developmental tasks presented in Erikson's psychosocial theory?
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Which process allows researchers to infer an infant's preferences?
Which process allows researchers to infer an infant's preferences?
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What initiates the onset of adolescence?
What initiates the onset of adolescence?
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Which type of attachment is characterized by a child who actively avoids the caregiver?
Which type of attachment is characterized by a child who actively avoids the caregiver?
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What is the function of the fat that babies are born with?
What is the function of the fat that babies are born with?
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What characterizes the germinal stage of prenatal development?
What characterizes the germinal stage of prenatal development?
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How does Erikson's view of personality development differ from Freud's perspective?
How does Erikson's view of personality development differ from Freud's perspective?
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What does the term 'nurture' refer to in the nature vs nurture debate?
What does the term 'nurture' refer to in the nature vs nurture debate?
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Which reflex is characterized by an infant's response to a sudden loss of support?
Which reflex is characterized by an infant's response to a sudden loss of support?
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What is the primary focus of Piaget's cognitive theory of development?
What is the primary focus of Piaget's cognitive theory of development?
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Which of the following senses is the least developed in infants at birth?
Which of the following senses is the least developed in infants at birth?
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According to Piaget, how do children modify their existing schemata when presented with new information?
According to Piaget, how do children modify their existing schemata when presented with new information?
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What is a key characteristic of the brain development in the first three years of life?
What is a key characteristic of the brain development in the first three years of life?
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Which reflex is primarily triggered when an infant's cheek is stroked?
Which reflex is primarily triggered when an infant's cheek is stroked?
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Which of the following statements best describes the development of an infant's color vision?
Which of the following statements best describes the development of an infant's color vision?
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Which type of temperament in psychosocial development is characterized by high energy and adaptability?
Which type of temperament in psychosocial development is characterized by high energy and adaptability?
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Study Notes
Chromosomes and Genes
- Human cells, excluding gametes, have 23 pairs of chromosomes.
- DNA is the building block of chromosomes.
- Genes are sections within chromosomes, providing instructions for structures.
- Gametes (sperm and ovum) have 23 chromosomes each.
- When sperm and ovum combine, they form 23 pairs of chromosomes.
- The 23rd chromosome pair determines chromosomal sex.
Sex Chromosomes
- Female sex chromosomes are XX.
- Male sex chromosomes are XY.
- One X chromosome comes from each biological parent.
- One Y chromosome comes from the biological father.
Stages of Prenatal Development
- Germinal Stage (Weeks 1-2): Conception occurs when sperm fertilizes an egg, forming a zygote.
- Embryonic Stage (Weeks 3-8): Cell implantation in the uterus; development of brain, heart, and other organs.
- Fetal Stage (Weeks 9-40): Development of sex organs. Specific developmental milestones occur during different weeks of the fetal stage (e.g., organ differentiation, brain growth).
Development Work
- Development can be continuous (gradual) or discontinuous (discrete steps).
- Nature (genetics) and nurture (environment) both influence development.
Infancy and Childhood Development
- The newborn (infant) experiences rapid physiological changes and development in the first few weeks.
- The baby's respiratory system begins functioning right after birth.
- Baby is born with fat for nutrient storage.
- Infants use preferential looking and habituation to learn.
- Reflexes are involuntary, automatic behaviors.
- Examples: grasping, Moro (startle), rooting, stepping, and sucking reflexes.
Brain Development: First 3 Years
- The brain experiences rapid growth due to increasing connectivity between neurons.
- Simultaneously, pruning (removing unused connections) occurs.
Sensations in Infancy
- Taste and smell are well-developed senses in infants, especially a preference for sweet tastes.
- Hearing is fairly developed at birth.
- Vision is the least developed sense at birth; it takes time for cones to fully develop, resulting in poor color vision and blurry vision initially. Infants focus better on immediate objects and show preferences for complex stimuli.
Cognitive Development
- Piaget's Theory: Cognitive development occurs in stages. Stages include: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational.
- Vygotsky's Theory: Emphasizes social interaction in cognitive development; learning happens through scaffolding.
- Psychosocial Development: Importance of experiences related to social relationships.
- Temperament: Individual differences in emotional reactivity and self-regulation.
- Attachment: Close bonds between caregiver and child. Four attachment types exist: secure, avoidant, resistant, and disorganized.
- Self-concept: Development of awareness about oneself. This is assessed, for example, using the mirror test for self-recognition.
- Erikson's Theory: Psychosocial development across an entire lifespan. Tasks/conflicts must be resolved to develop a sense of competency.
Piaget's Cognitive Theory of Development
- Stages are qualitatively different, not just gradual differences.
- Schema are concepts used to categorize and interpret information.
- Assimilation occurs when new information is integrated with existing schema.
- Accommodation describes when existing schema change due to new information.
Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development (summary)
- Sensorimotor (0–2 years): Experiencing the world through senses and actions (e.g., object permanence, stranger anxiety).
- Preoperational (2–6 years): Using words and images to represent things but lacking logical reasoning (e.g., pretend play, egocentrism).
- Concrete operational (7–11 years): Understanding concrete events and analogies logically, performing arithmetical operations (e.g., conservation, mathematical transformations).
- Formal operational (12+ years): Utilizing abstract reasoning.
Piaget's Sensorimotor Stage
- Mode of learning: sensations of acting on objects.
- Object permanence: understanding that objects continue to exist when out of sight.
- Stranger anxiety: develops around the development of object permanence.
Piaget's Preoperational Stage
- Symbolic representation; using symbols to represent words, images, and ideas.
- Language development
- Difficulty with conservation (understanding that quantity remains the same despite changes in appearance).
- Egocentrism (difficulty taking another person's perspective).
Piaget's Concrete Operational Stage
- Logical thought about concrete events.
- Mastery of mathematical operations (addition, subtraction).
- Conservation: understanding that quantity remains the same despite changes in shape or arrangement.
- Reversibility: understanding that actions can be reversed.
Piaget's Formal Operational Stage
- Abstract and hypothetical thought.
- Problem-solving and testing solutions.
- Renewed egocentrism (belief that others share one's perspective).
Vygotsky's Theory
- Social interaction is crucial for cognitive development.
- Scaffolding is the process where mentors provide support to help a learner achieve tasks. This support is gradually reduced.
- Importance of human interaction in cognitive and social development (in contrast to Piaget's focus on interaction with objects).
Temperament
- Innate traits affecting behavior, emotion, and reaction to the environment.
- There are different temperament styles: (e.g., easy, difficult).
Attachment
- Long-standing connection or bond with others.
- Measured using the "Strange Situation" experiment.
- Attachment types: secure, avoidant, resistant, and disorganized.
Self-Concept
- Understanding of oneself
- Assessed through tests such as the mirror test.
Erikson's Psychosocial Development Theory
- Emphasis on social nature of development, not just sexual.
- Development proceeds through eight stages throughout the lifespan.
- At each stage, a conflict or task must be resolved to develop a sense of competency.
- Failure to resolve these conflicts may result in feelings of inadequacy.
Adolescence
- Puberty initiates adolescence.
- Secondary sex characteristics develop.
- Growth spurt (starts and ends at different ages for females compared to males).
- Feeling of pride and/or embarrassment due to physical changes.
- Feelings of self-consciousness.
- Brain is not fully developed.
- Consequences of incomplete frontal lobe development related to judgment and decision-making.
Cognitive Development (Adolescence)
- Abstract thinking is developed.
- Theory of mind (understanding other people’s perspectives) develops.
- Cognitive empathy (ability to take the perspective or others and feel concern for them.) is more developed.
Kohlberg's Moral Reasoning Stages
- Preconventional (level 1): Morality is based on avoiding punishment or seeking rewards.
- Conventional (level 2): Morality is based on social approval and doing what is expected.
- Postconventional (level 3): Morality is based on universal ethical principles.
Adulthood
- Middle adulthood (40s–60s): Physical decline is gradual (e.g., skin elasticity, eyesight, sensory changes).
- Late adulthood (60+): Physical decline accelerates. (e.g., memory loss, cognitive changes).
Parenting Styles
- Authoritarian: High value placed on conformity and obedience. Rigid and less warmth to the child.
- Authoritative: Give children reasonable demands and limits, but also expression warmth and affection, and listening.
- Permissive: Few demands and infrequent punishment.
- Permissive neglectful: lack of structure, ignoring the child.
- Permissive indulgent: too much involvement with the child.
Theories of Physical and Psychological Aging
- Cellular clock theory: Limited number of cell reproductions to repair damages caused by aging.
- Wear and tear theory: External factors cause wear and tear (e.g., free radicals).
- Free radical theory: Free radicals accumulate, damaging cells and tissues.
- Activity theory: "Actively used iron does not rust".
About Mortality: Five Stages of Grief
- Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, and Acceptance.
References
- Note that specific references (for authors and publications) are included in the document, but the references section itself is separate from the detailed study notes.
- Some summary citations that might have been present in the text, are included in the note above.
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Description
Test your knowledge on Piaget's cognitive development stages, from sensorimotor to concrete operational. This quiz covers key concepts including object permanence, egocentrism, and parenting styles related to cognitive growth. Ideal for students of psychology or early childhood education.
