Physiology Quiz on Membrane Potential and Sterilization

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Questions and Answers

What will happen to the resting potential (RP) if the concentration of potassium ions on either side of the cell membrane is the same?

decrease to zero

decrease slightly

will not change (correct)

increase significantly

How does excitability change during the ascending spike/commissure phase?

secondary relative refractoriness

slightly increases

absolute refractoriness

significantly increases (exaltation) (correct)

Which of the following tissues are classified as excitable tissues?

glandular, bone, collagen fibers

nerve, muscle, glandular (correct)

tendon, muscle, epithelial

bone, cartilage, connective tissue

What does chronaxia represent?

the shortest time during which a current at a voltage of one rheobase causes excitation Signup and view all the answers

What ensures the repolarization phase of action potential?

inactivation of sodium permeability Signup and view all the answers

What is the threshold of irritation?

the minimum stimulus force that causes excitation Signup and view all the answers

In which type of muscle is tissue lability higher and refractoriness is less?

nerve fiber Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary object of study in physiology?

The function of cells, tissues, organs, systems, and the organism as a whole Signup and view all the answers

Which method is used for sterilization of disposable instruments and linen?

Gamma radiation Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of antimicrobial action of UV rays?

Nucleic acid damage Signup and view all the answers

What apparatus is used for sterilization with steam under pressure?

Autoclave Signup and view all the answers

Which scientist is known for introducing asepsis into surgical practice?

Ernst von Bergmann Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using membrane filters in microbiology?

Mechanical sterilization Signup and view all the answers

What type of genetic method allows for the determination of DNA similarity?

Molecular hybridization Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)?

Amplifies specific DNA segments Signup and view all the answers

What kind of agents are hydrogen peroxide and formalin classified as?

Antiseptics and disinfectants respectively Signup and view all the answers

Galvani's experiment is also known as which of the following?

Experiment without metal Signup and view all the answers

At rest, how are the outer and inner surfaces of the cell membrane charged?

The outer is negative, the inner is positive Signup and view all the answers

Which ion does the membrane exhibit higher permeability to at rest?

Cl - Signup and view all the answers

The moment when Na ions rapidly enter the cell corresponds to which phase?

Action potential peak Signup and view all the answers

What is defined as the useful time in relation to direct current?

The minimum time during which a direct current equal to two rheobases is applied Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical range for action potential magnitude in mv?

90 - 110 mv Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the period of AP depolarization?

Increased permeability for Na+ ions Signup and view all the answers

The threshold increase in excitability due to slow membrane depolarization is known as?

Accommodation Signup and view all the answers

What type of stimulus is associated with accommodation of excitable tissue?

rapidly increasing Signup and view all the answers

How are stimuli/Irritants categorized by strength?

threshold, subthreshold, suprathreshold Signup and view all the answers

According to the all-or-nothing law, which statement is correct?

subthreshold stimuli do not elicit arousal Signup and view all the answers

What is the specific response of glandular tissue when excited?

production of secretion Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the property of a tissue to conduct the greatest frequency of action potentials?

lability Signup and view all the answers

What is the lability index for glandular tissue measured in pulses per second?

75-150 Signup and view all the answers

What defines the 'useful time' in relation to a direct current?

the minimum time during which a direct current equal to one reobase is in effect Signup and view all the answers

How is the measure of lability described?

the maximum number of pulses that the excitable substrate is capable of reproducing in 1 minute Signup and view all the answers

What is a labeled single-stranded nucleic acid molecule used in molecular hybridization called?

DNA Probe Signup and view all the answers

What process involves the transfer of genetic material from one bacterium to another using phages?

Transduction Signup and view all the answers

What type of mutation returns an organism back to its original phenotype?

Reverse mutation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a mechanism of primary bacterial resistance to antibiotics?

R-Plasmids Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary localization of hereditary information in a bacterial cell?

Bacterial chromosome Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the process of transferring genetic material through direct cell contact?

Conjugation Signup and view all the answers

Which type of mutation does not result in any changes in observable characteristics?

Silent mutation Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the transition of bacteria from S to R-form?

Dissociation Signup and view all the answers

Which type of tissue does not exhibit excitability?

Bone tissue Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the ability of excitable tissue to return to its original length after being stretched?

Elasticity Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum stimulus strength required to initiate the arousal process called?

Threshold of excitation Signup and view all the answers

What principle describes the conduction of excitation along a nerve fiber?

Unilateral conduction Signup and view all the answers

Why is a muscle unable to contract to a certain rhythm of stimulation after nerve inactivation?

Muscle is less labile than nerve tissue Signup and view all the answers

What causes the oscilloscope arrow to deflect when measuring a muscle fiber?

Potential difference across the membrane Signup and view all the answers

When a cell's membrane is depolarized, what can be said about responding to an additional stimulus?

A response is impossible Signup and view all the answers

What explains the ability of nerve or muscle excitation by various stimuli?

Thermo-chemical transformations Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Microbiology

Prokaryotes differ from eukaryotes due to the presence of a nucleus.
Spirilla bacteria resemble corkscrews with 2-4 curls.
Cocci bacteria divide in three planes, forming bales or cubes (Sarcinae).
Medical microbiology's primary task is identifying microbes causing diseases.
Rickettsia are the smallest rod-shaped bacteria.
Microbial classification is based on genetic similarity, taxonomy, and morphology.
P. Duclos coined the term "microbiology".
Hans and Zachary Jansen created a two-lens microscope.
An order is composed of one or more families of bacteria.
Fusobacteria are stick-shaped bacteria with pointed ends.
Cytoplasmic membrane's receptors identify and process environmental signals in bacterial cells.
Vibrio bacteria have a curved shape.
Lysozyme-induced bacteria without cell walls are called protoplasts.
Cytoplasmic membrane is the bacterial metabolic center.
Gram-negative bacteria's outer membrane contains phospholipids and lipopolysaccharides.
Lipid A (endotoxins) determine lipopolysaccharide toxicity in gram-negative bacteria.
Bacterial cell walls consist of cell walls and cytoplasmic membranes.
Spores in bacteria form within 18-20 hours.
Spores germinate within 4-5 hours.
Bacterial spore thermal stability results from dipicolinic acid.
Bacteria form spores under adverse environmental conditions.
Ribosomes are bacterial protein synthesis structures.
Bacterial properties are shown through stained microscope preparations (tinctorial).
Peritrichous bacteria have flagella distributed across the entire cell surface.
Treponema are microorganisms that don't absorb aniline dyes well.
Endospores are resistant dormant forms in some gram-positive bacteria.
Keratin-like proteins are the primary component of a bacterial spore's shell.
Microbiological preparation steps: smear, drying, fixation, and staining.
Nucleoid houses bacteria's genetic information.
Living organisms, including bacteria, mainly consist of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an acid-fast bacterium.
Chemotrophs obtain energy through redox reactions.
Ribosomal RNA (16sRNA, 23sRNA) is used to measure bacterial evolutionary history.
Capsid encloses viral nucleic acids..
Anaerobic microbes reproduce only in oxygen-free conditions.
Lophotrichous bacteria have flagella at one end.
Ziehl-Neelsen method is an example of spore staining.
Permeases are membrane proteins regulating substance transport into the bacterial cell.
Peptidoglycan forms a thick layer in the cortex of a bacterial spore.
Mycoplasma are the only eukaryotes with sterols in their cytoplasmic membranes.
Murein or peptidoglycan/mucopeptide comprise 40-90% of gram-positive bacterial cell walls.
Phase contrast microscopy reveals unstained transparent microorganisms..
Acid-fast bacteria include Mycobacterium tuberculosis and leprosy bacteria.
Obligate anaerobes are microbes that can only reproduce without oxygen.
Chemotrophs are microbes that obtain energy through redox reactions.
Capsid encloses a virus's nucleic acid.
Hyaluronidase is an example of a pathogen spreading factor in tissues.
Bacterial spore germination begins with activation.
Wilson-Blair media is suitable for pathogenic anaerobic cultivation.
Bacteria unable to grow on low-salt media are called halophilic.
Actinomycetes exhibit branching, filamentous, and rod-shaped morphologies and are gram-positive.
Hydrogen peroxide is a disinfectant with oxidative action.
Passive transport moves substances along a concentration gradient in bacteria.
Hanging drop microprep is used for studying bacterial motility.
Viruses have tropism for specific cells and tissues.
Heterotrophs use organic carbon compounds as energy sources.
Treponema are corkscrew-shaped bacteria with 8-12 spirals.
The cell wall of chlamydia does not contain N-acetylmuramic acid, or peptidoglycan.
The H-antigen is a part of flagella.
Actinomycetes form tissues-affecting structures called drusen.
Sterols are included in the cytoplasm membrane of mycoplasmas.
Ziehl-Neelsen staining identifies acid-fast mycobacteria (TB, leprosy).
Bacteria's nutrient source classification: Autotrophic and Heterotrophic.
Cytoplasmic and intracellular membranes house the bacterial respiratory chain.
Endogenous media produce red, metallic-sheen E. coli colonies.
Attachment proteins of viruses bind to cell receptors.
Serial dilution is a method used to determine antibiotic minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC).
Bacteriostatic/microbiostatic agents halt bacterial growth and reproduction.
Enrichment media promote the growth of specific microorganisms while inhibiting others.
Bacteria's growth pattern is a characteristic feature of its culture on media.
Hyaluronidase breaks down hyaluronic acid, aiding pathogen spread.
Hiss media are used to study bacteria's saccharolytic properties.
Microorganisms penetrate host cells through the process of invasion/penetration.
Bacteria in exponential/logarithmic phase grow at maximum rate.
Fermentation is where bacteria convert hydrogen from substrates into organic compounds.
Infectivity, denoted "virulence" in viruses, is their ability to cause disease.
Bacterial adhesiveness is their binding to host cell receptors by their surface membranes (attachment).
A serovar is a bacteria strain with distinct antigenic properties.
A bacteria's organic substances, including carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrogen ions (H+) are electron acceptor types.
Molecular diagnostics uses the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), including plasmid profiling.
Logarithmic (exponential) bacterial growth phase describes constant high cell division rates.
Penicillin and beta-lactams are antibiotics that inhibit cell wall creation.
Microbes can be classified as obligate or optional, depending on oxygen needs for reproduction.
Biological methods assess organism virulence.
Lipoproteins or proteins (lipo(polysaccharide and lipoprotein) are the components determining bacterial receptors for bacteriophage.
Bacteriophages of the same species interact with different variants within a given bacteria species (type phages).
The cytolytic cycle of bacteriophages is completed within 20-40 minutes from absorption to progeny release.
Bacterial chromosomal prophages are induced into a vegetative state.
Antibiotics(antifungal, antiprotozoal) are chemotherapeutic antimicrobial medications.
Disc diffusion is a method evaluating antibiotic sensitivity among bacteria.
Microbes may be bacteriostatic or microbicidal (bacteriocidal) to distinguish their effects.
Bacteria resistance to antibiotics is explained by their lack of a specific antibiotic target, or the antibiotic target's availability to the bacteria..
Bacteriostatic/ In vitro methods measure minimum inhibitory concentrations/bactericidal concentrations of antibiotics.
The antibiotic-binding 50S bacterial ribosomal subunit halts polypeptide chain elongation (macrolide antibiotics, chloramphenicol, lincosamides and streptogramins, quinupristin).
Streptomycin's first anti-TB medication was discovered by Z. Waksman.
Disk diffusion methods can determine antibiotic susceptibility.
Polymyxin antibiotics harm phospholipids of gram-negative bacterial cell membranes.
Colonization resistance is a key function of the human microbiome in health.
Corynebacterium is a prevalent inhabitant of skin microbiomes.
Higher fungi form septa which separate their hyphae.
Teleomorphs are the reproductive/sexual forms of fungi.
Vegetative hyphae in fungi are associated with nutrition..
Bacteriophagy manifests on liquid media as clearing.
Defective phages are used as vectors in genetic engineering.
Bacterial culture is used in bacteriophage cultivation, in tank-culture format.
Sterile/negative colonies/plaques are visible through bacteriophagy on solid media.
Double-stranded DNA is found in most bacteriophages.
Phage conversion alters microorganisms by converting them to a prophage state.
Phage typing identifies the source of infection.
Bacteria and fungi are the types of phages identified through studies.
Phage makeup: Protein and nucleic acids.
Virulent, moderate (or temperate), and abortive categorized phages.
Bacteriophages are studied using electron microscopy.
Higher fungi have septa separating their hyphae.
Teleomorphs denote sexual forms of fungi.
Hyphae's vegetative forms play a crucial role in fungus's nutrition.
Bacteriophagy clearing demonstrates in liquid media.
Defective/moderate bacteriophages (phages) are the vectors for genetic engineering.
Bacterial cultures are used in bacteriophage cultivation (tank culture).
Observations of bacteriophagy on solid media yield plaques.
Double-stranded DNA is the major nucleic acid in bacteriophages.
Phage conversion alters organism properties caused by prophage.
Phage typing is used to identify an infection source.
Bacteriophages are found in both bacteria and fungi.
The chemical composition includes protein and nucleic acid in bacteriophages.
Bacteriophages are characterized by specific interaction types.
Electron microscopy is used to study bacteriophages' morphology.
Cell cultures of various types (single-layer, suspended, organ) are used in virus studies.
CPE is a tissue culture method for virus detection.
Virus control testing is performed as color/colorimetric testing.
Hemagglutination testing identifies viruses in chick eggs.
Disjunctive reproduction is a distinct viral reproduction method.
Spores in bacteria survive boiling for 30 minutes.
Complex virions have an outer shell/envelope, compared to simple virions.
Viruses' size can be measured by ultrafiltration and ultracentrifugation.
Protozoa are eukaryotic organisms.
Protozoa vary in size, from 2 to 100 micrometers.
Fungi, whose hyphae have septa separating, are categorized as higher fungi.
Teleomorphs refer to the sexual forms of fungi.
A higher fungus's hyphae can function in nutrition through vegetative hyphae and reproduce by using conidia.
Bacteriophage study on liquid nutrient media manifests in clearing/clarification.
Defective phages serve as genetic engineering vectors and moderate phages are bacteriophages.
Bacterial cultures (tank culture) are used in bacteriophage cultivation.
Bacteriophages manifest as negative colonies/plaques on solid nutritional media.
Double-stranded DNA is the main nucleic acid in bacteriophages.
Bacteriophages alter the microorganisms' characteristics - this is phage conversion.
Phage typing is employed to recognize infection sources.
Bacteria and fungi are the organisms in which phages have been recognized.
Bacteriophage chemical components include protein and nucleic acid.
Bacteriophage types are classified based on their interaction with cells (virulent, moderate, abortive).
Bacteriophage morphology is investigated using electron microscopy.
Cell cultures of different types (single-layer, suspended, organ) are used for cultivating viruses.
CPE (cytopathic effect) is a tissue culture method for detecting viruses.
Color/color tests are used to control virus in tissue cultures.
Hemagglutination, a reaction, detects the presence of viruses in chick eggs.
Reproduction of the virus uses disjunctive reproduction.
Bacterial spores endure boiling for 30 minutes.
Outer shell/envelope differentiates complex virions from simple virions.
Viruses' size detection is performed by ultrafiltration and ultracentrifugation.
Protozoa are eukaryotes.
Protozoa vary from 2 to 100 micrometers in size.

Physiology

Microbial cells are able to generate energy.
Membrane potentials regulate ion channels in excitable cells
Tetrodotoxin is a poison that blocks sodium channels.
Modifying microorganisms' traits involves adjusting the phenotypes while maintaining the genotype.
Mutations reversing to the initial phenotype are called reverse suppressor mutations.
Mutations without noticeable phenotypic changes are classified as neutral or silent.
Mutations causing enzyme dysfunction and not complete loss of function are termed conditionally lethal mutations.
Restoring the cellular genome (DNA) is a process called repairing or recombination.
A gene is a DNA fragment; the bacterial chromosome constitutes a vital component in genetic structure.
Bacterial traits are transferred via plasmids.
Mobile genetic elements in bacteria include transposons, plasmids, and insertion sequences (IS elements) that transfer various factors (including pathogenic virulence factors).
Conjugation is the transfer of genetic material between bacteria through direct cell-to-cell contact.
Transduction is the transfer of genetic material via phages (viruses).
Conjugation involves the transfer of genetic material from a donor to a recipient bacterial cell, facilitating changes in the recipient cell, usually through direct contact.
Transduction is the transfer of genetic material between bacteria using a bacteriophage (a virus that infects bacteria.)
Microbial DNA replication errors can induce mutations.
Spontaneous mutations in bacteria are due to random errors in DNA replication, DNA polymerase errors during transcription, or incorrect nucleotide addition.
F-plasmids play a role in bacterial conjugation.
Recombination types include conjugation, transduction, and transformation.
Polymorphism is a phenotypic trait variation manifestation.
F-plasmids perform bacterial conjugation.
The process of bacterial conjugation involves the transfer of genetic material between cells.
The result of bacterial conjugation can be genetic material transfer.
Bacterial conjugation processes can result in the transfer of genetic traits between bacterial cells, leading to changes in the recipient cell.
Transduction and transformation are other types of DNA transfer between bacteria, but conjugation is the method of direct transfer of genetic information from a donor bacterial cell to a recipient bacterial cell.
Transformation is the process through which a bacterium extracts and integrates external, free-floating DNA into its own genome.
In contrast, transduction is the process by which bacteriophages (viruses that target bacteria) transfer genetic material from one bacterial cell to another.
The result of bacteria's conjugation, transduction, and transformation processes is the recombination of genetic materials, affecting changes in the receiver cell's properties.
F-plasmids participate in conjugation, as specified in earlier notes
The F-plasmid's function is conjugation.
Classifying different types of recombination includes conjugations, transduction, and transformation.
Polymorphism signifies phenotypic variation manifestation.
Plasmid controlling sex villi (sex pilus) synthesis is the F-plasmid.
Bacterial invasive properties involve tissue penetration ability.
Ion channels' functioning in excitable cells is vital for upholding membrane potentials.

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Test your understanding of key concepts in physiology, such as resting potential and action potentials. This quiz also covers topics related to microbial sterilization and aseptic techniques. Challenge yourself with questions that span foundational knowledge and practical applications in the field.