Podcast
Questions and Answers
During which stage of sleep do most dreams take place?
During which stage of sleep do most dreams take place?
What is the recommended sleep duration for a preschool-age child (3 to 5 years of age)?
What is the recommended sleep duration for a preschool-age child (3 to 5 years of age)?
At what age do most infants begin to establish a pattern of daytime naps?
At what age do most infants begin to establish a pattern of daytime naps?
Which stage of sleep is characterized by the sleeper's heart and respiratory rates dropping?
Which stage of sleep is characterized by the sleeper's heart and respiratory rates dropping?
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How often does REM (rapid-eye-movement) sleep usually recur?
How often does REM (rapid-eye-movement) sleep usually recur?
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At the end of the first year, how many naps per day does an infant usually take?
At the end of the first year, how many naps per day does an infant usually take?
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What information can be included in a sleep diary?
What information can be included in a sleep diary?
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How many hours of sleep do healthy adults generally require each night?
How many hours of sleep do healthy adults generally require each night?
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Which factor may be considered as part of the nursing diagnosis for sleep disturbances?
Which factor may be considered as part of the nursing diagnosis for sleep disturbances?
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Which factor may interfere with sleep if consumed in the afternoon or evening?
Which factor may interfere with sleep if consumed in the afternoon or evening?
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What type of factors can a client include in a sleep diary that affect their sleep?
What type of factors can a client include in a sleep diary that affect their sleep?
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Which of the following may be an example of a nursing intervention directed towards sleep disturbance?
Which of the following may be an example of a nursing intervention directed towards sleep disturbance?
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What effect does nicotine have on the body in relation to sleep?
What effect does nicotine have on the body in relation to sleep?
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What might be an example of a nursing diagnosis related to sleep disturbances?
What might be an example of a nursing diagnosis related to sleep disturbances?
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What treatment approach for insomnia emphasizes creating a sleep environment that promotes sleep?
What treatment approach for insomnia emphasizes creating a sleep environment that promotes sleep?
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Which age group usually awakens 1.3 hours earlier than younger adults and goes to bed around 1 hour earlier?
Which age group usually awakens 1.3 hours earlier than younger adults and goes to bed around 1 hour earlier?
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Which aspect can be included in a sleep diary concerning daytime activities?
Which aspect can be included in a sleep diary concerning daytime activities?
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In which condition does the affected individual obtain sufficient sleep at night but still cannot stay awake during the day?
In which condition does the affected individual obtain sufficient sleep at night but still cannot stay awake during the day?
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What is one cause of hypersomnia mentioned in the text?
What is one cause of hypersomnia mentioned in the text?
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Which disorder is characterized by the lack of hypocretin in the CNS?
Which disorder is characterized by the lack of hypocretin in the CNS?
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What type of treatment is directed at the cause of sleep apnea?
What type of treatment is directed at the cause of sleep apnea?
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What are clients with narcolepsy likely to experience?
What are clients with narcolepsy likely to experience?
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What is parasomnia characterized by?
What is parasomnia characterized by?
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Why might a sleep specialist ask clients to keep a sleep diary?
Why might a sleep specialist ask clients to keep a sleep diary?
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Which physiological processes are changed during the altered state of consciousness known as sleep?
Which physiological processes are changed during the altered state of consciousness known as sleep?
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What is the function of serotonin in relation to sleep?
What is the function of serotonin in relation to sleep?
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During which stage of NREM sleep does the person experience very light sleep and may deny sleeping?
During which stage of NREM sleep does the person experience very light sleep and may deny sleeping?
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At what point does the Circadian Rhythm typically begin to develop in infants?
At what point does the Circadian Rhythm typically begin to develop in infants?
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Which part of the brain is necessary for regulating sleep and waking states?
Which part of the brain is necessary for regulating sleep and waking states?
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What is the key factor that synchronizes the body's Circadian Rhythms with environmental factors?
What is the key factor that synchronizes the body's Circadian Rhythms with environmental factors?
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Study Notes
Physiology of Sleep
- Sleep is an altered state of consciousness characterized by minimal physical activity, variable levels of consciousness, changes in the body's physiological processes, and decreased responsiveness to external stimuli.
- Cerebral cortex and reticular formation are necessary for the regulation of sleep and waking states.
- Serotonin and GABA play roles in regulating sleep and waking states.
Circadian Rhythms
- Circadian rhythms are synchronized with environmental factors, such as light and darkness.
- Body temperature, blood pressure, and many other physiological functions are affected by circadian rhythms.
- Body temperature is highest when awake and lowest when asleep.
- Circadian rhythms begin to develop by the sixth week of life and are established by 3 to 6 months.
Types of Sleep
- NREM (non-rapid-eye-movement) sleep:
- Stage 1: light sleep, lasts only a few minutes, and can be easily awakened.
- Stage 2: body processes slow down, heart and respiratory rates decrease, and body temperature falls.
- Stage 3: deepest stage of sleep, characterized by delta waves, and heart and respiratory rates drop 20% to 30% below waking hours.
- REM (rapid-eye-movement) sleep:
- Occurs every 90 minutes, lasts 5 to 30 minutes, and is characterized by rapid eye movements.
- Most dreams take place during REM sleep, but usually won't be remembered unless the person arouses briefly at the end of the REM period.
Normal Sleep Patterns and Requirements
- Newborns: 12 to 18 hours of sleep per day, irregular schedule.
- Infants: awaken every 3 or 4 hours, eat, and then go back to sleep.
- Toddlers: 12 to 14 hours of sleep per day.
- Preschool-age children: 11 to 13 hours of sleep per night.
- School-age children: 10 to 11 hours of sleep per night.
- Adolescents: 9 to 10 hours of sleep per night.
- Healthy adults: 7 to 8 hours of sleep per night.
- Older adults: usually awaken 1.3 hours earlier and go to bed approximately 1 hour earlier than younger adults.
Factors Affecting Sleep
- Illness that causes pain or physical distress.
- Environment.
- Lifestyle.
- Emotional stress.
- Stimulants and alcohol.
- Diet.
- Smoking.
- Motivation.
Common Sleep Disorders
- Insomnia: characterized by difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep.
- Behavioral treatments include stimulus control, cognitive therapy, and sleep restriction.
- Hypersomnia: characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness.
- Sleep apnea: characterized by frequent short breathing pauses during sleep.
- Parasomnia: behavior that may interfere with sleep and may even occur during sleep.
- Narcolepsy: disorder of excessive daytime sleepiness caused by the lack of hypocretin in the CNS.
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Description
Learn about the altered state of consciousness known as sleep, characterized by minimal physical activity, changes in physiological processes, and decreased responsiveness to stimuli. Explore the role of the cerebral cortex, reticular formation, serotonin, and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in regulating sleep and waking states.
