Sleep Physiology Quiz

Questions and Answers

What term describes the actual content of a dream?

Hypnosis

Activation-information-mode

Latent content

Manifest content (correct)

Which hypothesis suggests that dreams result from random signals sent by the pons during REM sleep?

Latent content hypothesis

Activation synthesis hypothesis (correct)

Dream content theory

Social cognitive theory

In the activation-information-mode hypothesis, what does the brain utilize to form dreams?

Random fragments from childhood memories

Only vivid imaginative thoughts

Sensory perceptions from the environment

Meaningful bits from recent experiences (correct)

What characterizes the altered state of consciousness known as hypnosis?

Susceptibility to suggestion Signup and view all the answers

What psychological mechanism explains that people under hypnosis may simply be playing a role rather than experiencing an altered state of consciousness?

Social playing role theory Signup and view all the answers

What is the main physiological change that occurs during deep sleep?

Release of growth hormones Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of the sleep cycle has the longest duration at the beginning of the night?

N3 Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes narcolepsy in individuals?

Sudden slips into REM sleep during the day Signup and view all the answers

Which sleep disorder involves a person experiencing panic while asleep without recollection upon waking?

Night terrors Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors can influence the amount of sleep required by individuals?

Age Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of sleep deprivation?

Difficulty concentrating Signup and view all the answers

According to Freud's theory, dreams serve what purpose?

To fulfill wishes and address past conflicts Signup and view all the answers

What neurological condition is associated with a strong urge to move the legs?

Restless Leg Syndrome Signup and view all the answers

What are mental images similar to in how we engage with them?

Physical objects Signup and view all the answers

How is information processed in the visual cortex when creating a mental image?

It involves comparing new information to existing knowledge. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines a formal/artificial concept?

A mental category defined by specific rules or features. Signup and view all the answers

What is a prototype in the context of concepts?

An example that closely matches defining characteristics of the concept. Signup and view all the answers

What is a cognitive map?

A cognitive representation of physical space or non-physical relations. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents a schema?

A mental generalization about certain objects or events. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes natural concepts from formal concepts?

Natural concepts are based on personal experiences and observations. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of a script in cognitive psychology?

To represent a sequence of familiar events. Signup and view all the answers

What is functional fixedness in the context of problem solving?

The inability to see objects beyond their typical uses. Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of mental sets refer to in problem solving?

The persistence in using past problem-solving methods. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of thinking generates multiple solutions based on a single starting point?

Divergent thinking Signup and view all the answers

In Sternberg’s triarchic theory, which intelligence is described as 'street smarts'?

Practical intelligence Signup and view all the answers

What does Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences propose?

There are nine distinct types of intelligence. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes confirmation bias?

Searching for evidence that supports one's existing beliefs. Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of intelligence does Spearman's G factor refer to?

General intelligence across various tasks. Signup and view all the answers

What influences can the framing effect have on decision-making?

The emotional responses influenced by the information's presentation. Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between sensory adaptation and habituation?

Sensory adaptation occurs at the receptor level, while habituation occurs at the brain level. Signup and view all the answers

What does Weber's Law state about the difference threshold?

It is proportional to the initial intensity of the stimulus. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances has both stimulant and hallucinatory effects?

MDMA Signup and view all the answers

What is the absolute threshold for detection?

The lowest level of stimulation detectable 50% of the time. Signup and view all the answers

What effect does past experience have on perception?

It can influence interpretation while stimulation and sensation remain unchanged. Signup and view all the answers

Which hallucinogen is considered one of the most potent?

LSD Signup and view all the answers

How is sensory adaptation characterized?

Receptor cells become less responsive to unchanging stimuli. Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the transduction process?

External stimuli are converted into neural activity. Signup and view all the answers

What is a simple way to define the difference threshold?

The smallest detectable difference between two stimuli. Signup and view all the answers

How do sensory adaptation and habituation differ in their responses to stimuli?

Sensory adaptation occurs at the receptor level, while habituation occurs at the cortical level. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Sleep Stages and Cycle

The sleep cycle consists of stages N1, N2, N3, and REM, repeating 4-6 times over a night, with each cycle lasting about 90 minutes.
Deep sleep (N3) occurs predominantly at the start of the night, while REM (rapid eye movement) sleep duration increases throughout the night.
During deep sleep, heart rate slows, and growth hormones from the pituitary gland peak, facilitating body growth.
Adults typically require 7-8 hours of sleep, which varies throughout the lifespan.

Sleep Deprivation

Insufficient sleep leads to noticeable symptoms affecting daily functioning.

Sleep Disorders

Sleep Apnea: Characterized by interrupted breathing during sleep, usually resulting in a gasp for air.
Narcolepsy: Episodes where individuals suddenly enter REM sleep during intense emotions, often with loss of muscle control.
Nightmares: Disturbing dreams occurring in REM sleep, easily recalled upon waking.
Insomnia: Difficulty falling or staying asleep, or achieving restful sleep.
Parasomnias: Involuntary disruptive behaviors during sleep, such as night terrors (panic during NREM sleep without recollection) and sleepwalking (occurs during deep sleep).
Restless Leg Syndrome: An urge to move the legs, often causing discomfort.

Theories of Dreams

Freud's Theory: Dreams represent hidden desires and conflicts; manifest content refers to the actual dream, while latent content is its symbolic meaning.
Activation Synthesis Hypothesis: Dreams arise from random neural activity during REM sleep, which the brain attempts to make sense of.
Activation-Information-Mode: Dreams are shaped by recent experiences rather than purely random thoughts, integrating meaningful information into dream narratives.

Altered States of Consciousness

Hypnosis: A state that increases susceptibility to suggestion, characterized by focused attention and relaxation.
Psychological mechanisms can view hypnosis as either a dissociation of awareness or as a social role where people act in line with expectations.

Sensory Perception

Transduction: The process of converting external stimuli into neural signals, which leads to sensation and perception.
Absolute Threshold: The minimum stimulus intensity detectable 50% of the time.
Difference Threshold (Just Noticeable Difference): The smallest detectable difference between two stimuli.
Weber’s Law: The principle that the difference threshold increases with the intensity of the initial stimulus.

Sensory Adaptation and Habituation

Sensory adaptation refers to a decrease in response to unchanging stimuli, while habituation is the brain's diminished response to constant stimuli over time.

Mental Imagery and Concepts

Mental Imagery: The visualization of objects or events, processed differently than actual physical objects.
Concepts: Mental categories for organizing perceptions; formal concepts are defined by strict criteria, whereas natural concepts arise from everyday experiences.
Prototypes: Ideal examples of a concept based on personal experience.

Problem Solving Barriers

Functional Fixedness: Limits thinking of objects beyond their usual functions.
Mental Sets: Persistence in using past strategies, even when they no longer apply.
Confirmation Bias: Favoring information that supports existing beliefs while disregarding contradictory evidence.
Framing Effect: The influence of how information is presented on judgments and decisions.

Creativity and Intelligence

Divergent Thinking: Generating multiple ideas from a single starting point, fostering free flow of thoughts.
Creativity: Involves combining ideas in new ways and is less hindered by traditional problem-solving barriers.
Intelligence Definition: Ability to learn, adapt, and solve problems effectively.

Theories of Intelligence

Spearman’s G Factor: Proposes a general intelligence factor (g) underlying specific cognitive abilities (s).
Gardner's Multiple Intelligences: Identifies nine distinct intelligences, including linguistic, logical-mathematical, and spatial.
Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory: Distinguishes three types of intelligence: analytical (problem-solving), creative (novel concept application), and practical (everyday life application).

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Description

Test your knowledge of sleep physiology, including the different stages of sleep and their physiological effects. This quiz covers aspects such as heart rate, hormone release, and the importance of REM sleep. Perfect for students studying biology or human anatomy.