Physiology of Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary effect on GFR in cases of diabetes or chronic hypertension?

  • No significant change in GFR
  • Decrease in GFR due to thickening of the basement membrane (correct)
  • Increase in GFR due to increased blood pressure
  • Initial increase in GFR followed by a decrease

    • What is the main function of the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) in the nephron?

  • Reabsorption of vital molecules such as proteins and vitamins (correct)
  • Regulation of blood pressure
  • Secretion of excess electrolytes
  • Excretion of waste products

    • What is the primary driving force for the reabsorption of water and negatively charged ions in the PCT?

  • Facilitated diffusion
  • Active transport
  • Osmotic forces (correct)
  • Diffusion

    • What is the fate of larger proteins and carbohydrates in the PCT?

    <p>They undergo endocytosis and are degraded into amino acids and simple sugars</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of a low GFR in patients with kidney disease?

    <p>It decreases the excretion of drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of microvilli in the epithelial cells of the PCT?

    <p>To increase the surface area for reabsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of Na+ reabsorbed in the PCT?

    <p>70-80%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the hydrostatic pressure of the glomerular capillary (PGC) in relation to GFR?

    <p>To regulate the rate of filtration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the afferent arteriole in the nephron?

    <p>To supply blood to the glomerulus for filtration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the vessel that carries unfiltered blood out of the glomerulus?

    <p>Efferent arteriole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the functional unit of the kidney?

    <p>Nephron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three major layers within the glomerular capillary?

    <p>Endothelium, basement membrane, podocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the glomerular basement membrane?

    <p>To act as a selective sieve for small and mid-sized solutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the complex structure responsible for filtration in the glomerulus?

    <p>Filtration barrier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the podocytes in the glomerulus?

    <p>To form the filtration barrier in the glomerulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of blood filtration in the glomerulus?

    <p>Glomerular filtration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of glomerular podocytes in the nephron?

    <p>To facilitate the formation of an ultrafiltrate by acting as a sieve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of measurement for glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

    <p>mL/min/1.73m2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the value of Kf in a normal individual, approximately?

    <p>12.5 ml/min/mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the net filtration pressure in a normal individual, approximately?

    <p>10 mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that controls the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the glomerular basement membrane in the nephron?

    <p>To act as a barrier to prevent the passage of large molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in men younger than 40 years old?

    <p>100-130 mL/min/1.73m2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the renal system?

    <p>To produce, carry and store urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of a decrease in Kf on the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

    <p>GFR decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average weight of each kidney in humans?

    <p>130-150 g</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of glomerular filtration?

    <p>To excrete toxins and waste products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range of urine production in humans per day?

    <p>1.5-2.2 litres</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the rate at which the kidneys filter waste products from the blood?

    <p>Glomerular filtration rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of renal tubular resorption?

    <p>To reabsorb nutrients and water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of the human kidney?

    <p>Bean-shaped</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of increased fluid intake on urine production?

    <p>It increases urine production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the loop of Henle is impermeable to water?

    <p>Ascending limb</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the macula densa cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

    <p>To sense changes in solute concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of the ascending limb on the surrounding interstitial fluid?

    <p>It makes the interstitial fluid hypertonic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the loop of Henle is permeable to both water and urea?

    <p>Descending limb</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the juxtaglomerular cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

    <p>To produce renin and act as mechanoreceptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of the ascending limb on the urine produced?

    <p>It makes the urine hypotonic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

    <p>To control the amount of renin released</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of the osmotic pressure on the loop of Henle?

    <p>It helps maintain the solute concentration in the medulla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vessel is responsible for bringing blood into the glomerulus for filtration?

    <p>Afferent arteriole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the glomerular basement membrane?

    <p>To act as a selective barrier to macromolecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component of the glomerular filtration barrier?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the functional unit of the kidney responsible for filtration?

    <p>Nephron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of blood filtration in the glomerulus?

    <p>Glomerular filtration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of podocytes in the glomerulus?

    <p>To provide structural support to the glomerulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the rate at which the kidneys filter waste products from the blood?

    <p>Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the glomerular capillary?

    <p>To provide a large surface area for filtration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the glomerular podocytes in facilitating glomerular filtration?

    <p>To produce a filtering barrier around the glomerular capillaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the net effect of an increase in the colloid osmotic pressure of the glomerular capillary on the glomerular filtration rate?

    <p>It decreases the glomerular filtration rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that determines the permeability of the glomerular capillary?

    <p>The Kf value of the glomerular capillary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of a decrease in the permeability of the glomerular capillary on the glomerular filtration rate?

    <p>It decreases the glomerular filtration rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the glomerular filtration rate?

    <p>To filter waste products from the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of measurement for the glomerular filtration rate?

    <p>mL/min/1.73m^2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of an increase in the hydrostatic pressure of the glomerular capillary on the net filtration pressure?

    <p>It increases the net filtration pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the value of Kf in a normal individual, approximately?

    <p>12.5 ml/min/mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the proximal convoluted tubule, what percentage of filtered water and ions are reabsorbed?

    <p>70-80%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which the proximal convoluted tubule reabsorbs sodium ions?

    <p>Active transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of a low GFR in patients with kidney disease?

    <p>Impaired drug excretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fate of most amino acids and glucose in the proximal convoluted tubule?

    <p>They are reabsorbed into the bloodstream</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) change in response to increased blood pressure in diabetes or chronic hypertension?

    <p>It decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the apical endocytic organelles in the epithelial cells of the proximal convoluted tubule?

    <p>Endocytosis of proteins and carbohydrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary driving force behind the reabsorption of water and ions in the proximal convoluted tubule?

    <p>Osmotic pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of a decrease in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) on the body's ability to excrete drugs?

    <p>It decreases the rate of drug excretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of glomerular filtration in the nephron?

    <p>To filter waste products from the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors has the most significant impact on glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

    <p>Hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of renal tubular resorption?

    <p>To reabsorb useful substances such as water and electrolytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in humans?

    <p>80-120 mL/min</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of increased fluid intake on urine production?

    <p>It increases urine production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the renal system?

    <p>To filter waste products from the blood and produce urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the rate at which the kidneys filter waste products from the blood?

    <p>Glomerular filtration rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following processes is responsible for the reabsorption of useful substances from the filtrate?

    <p>Renal tubular resorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the descending limb of the Loop of Henle, which of the following substances is more permeable than sodium chloride?

    <p>Water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the juxtaglomerular cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

    <p>To sense changes in blood pressure and stimulate the release of renin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the Loop of Henle is responsible for generating a high solute concentration in the interstitial fluid?

    <p>Ascending limb</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of the ascending limb on the urine produced?

    <p>It makes the urine more dilute and hypotonic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the macula densa cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

    <p>To respond to changes in solute concentration and stimulate the release of renin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is responsible for the passage of water from the descending limb to the interstitial fluid?

    <p>Loop of Henle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

    <p>To regulate the glomerular filtration rate by controlling the afferent arteriole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Loop of Henle, which of the following substances is impermeable to water?

    <p>Ascending limb</p> Signup and view all the answers

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