80 Questions
What is the primary effect on GFR in cases of diabetes or chronic hypertension?
Decrease in GFR due to thickening of the basement membrane
What is the main function of the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) in the nephron?
Reabsorption of vital molecules such as proteins and vitamins
What is the primary driving force for the reabsorption of water and negatively charged ions in the PCT?
Osmotic forces
What is the fate of larger proteins and carbohydrates in the PCT?
They undergo endocytosis and are degraded into amino acids and simple sugars
What is the significance of a low GFR in patients with kidney disease?
It decreases the excretion of drugs
What is the role of microvilli in the epithelial cells of the PCT?
To increase the surface area for reabsorption
What is the percentage of Na+ reabsorbed in the PCT?
70-80%
What is the primary function of the hydrostatic pressure of the glomerular capillary (PGC) in relation to GFR?
To regulate the rate of filtration
What is the primary function of the afferent arteriole in the nephron?
To supply blood to the glomerulus for filtration
What is the name of the vessel that carries unfiltered blood out of the glomerulus?
Efferent arteriole
What is the functional unit of the kidney?
Nephron
What are the three major layers within the glomerular capillary?
Endothelium, basement membrane, podocytes
What is the function of the glomerular basement membrane?
To act as a selective sieve for small and mid-sized solutes
What is the term for the complex structure responsible for filtration in the glomerulus?
Filtration barrier
What is the primary function of the podocytes in the glomerulus?
To form the filtration barrier in the glomerulus
What is the term for the process of blood filtration in the glomerulus?
Glomerular filtration
What is the primary function of glomerular podocytes in the nephron?
To facilitate the formation of an ultrafiltrate by acting as a sieve
What is the unit of measurement for glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
mL/min/1.73m2
What is the value of Kf in a normal individual, approximately?
12.5 ml/min/mmHg
What is the net filtration pressure in a normal individual, approximately?
10 mmHg
What is the primary factor that controls the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
All of the above
What is the function of the glomerular basement membrane in the nephron?
To act as a barrier to prevent the passage of large molecules
What is the normal range of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in men younger than 40 years old?
100-130 mL/min/1.73m2
What is the primary function of the renal system?
To produce, carry and store urine
What is the effect of a decrease in Kf on the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
GFR decreases
What is the average weight of each kidney in humans?
130-150 g
What is the primary purpose of glomerular filtration?
To excrete toxins and waste products
What is the normal range of urine production in humans per day?
1.5-2.2 litres
What is the term for the rate at which the kidneys filter waste products from the blood?
Glomerular filtration rate
What is the purpose of renal tubular resorption?
To reabsorb nutrients and water
What is the shape of the human kidney?
Bean-shaped
What is the effect of increased fluid intake on urine production?
It increases urine production
Which part of the loop of Henle is impermeable to water?
Ascending limb
What is the primary function of the macula densa cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
To sense changes in solute concentration
What is the effect of the ascending limb on the surrounding interstitial fluid?
It makes the interstitial fluid hypertonic
Which part of the loop of Henle is permeable to both water and urea?
Descending limb
What is the role of the juxtaglomerular cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
To produce renin and act as mechanoreceptors
What is the effect of the ascending limb on the urine produced?
It makes the urine hypotonic
What is the primary function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
To control the amount of renin released
What is the effect of the osmotic pressure on the loop of Henle?
It helps maintain the solute concentration in the medulla
Which vessel is responsible for bringing blood into the glomerulus for filtration?
Afferent arteriole
What is the primary function of the glomerular basement membrane?
To act as a selective barrier to macromolecules
What is the primary component of the glomerular filtration barrier?
All of the above
What is the functional unit of the kidney responsible for filtration?
Nephron
What is the term for the process of blood filtration in the glomerulus?
Glomerular filtration
What is the primary function of podocytes in the glomerulus?
To provide structural support to the glomerulus
What is the term for the rate at which the kidneys filter waste products from the blood?
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
What is the primary function of the glomerular capillary?
To provide a large surface area for filtration
What is the primary function of the glomerular podocytes in facilitating glomerular filtration?
To produce a filtering barrier around the glomerular capillaries
What is the net effect of an increase in the colloid osmotic pressure of the glomerular capillary on the glomerular filtration rate?
It decreases the glomerular filtration rate
What is the primary factor that determines the permeability of the glomerular capillary?
The Kf value of the glomerular capillary
What is the effect of a decrease in the permeability of the glomerular capillary on the glomerular filtration rate?
It decreases the glomerular filtration rate
What is the primary function of the glomerular filtration rate?
To filter waste products from the blood
What is the unit of measurement for the glomerular filtration rate?
mL/min/1.73m^2
What is the effect of an increase in the hydrostatic pressure of the glomerular capillary on the net filtration pressure?
It increases the net filtration pressure
What is the value of Kf in a normal individual, approximately?
12.5 ml/min/mmHg
In the proximal convoluted tubule, what percentage of filtered water and ions are reabsorbed?
70-80%
What is the primary mechanism by which the proximal convoluted tubule reabsorbs sodium ions?
Active transport
What is the primary consequence of a low GFR in patients with kidney disease?
Impaired drug excretion
What is the fate of most amino acids and glucose in the proximal convoluted tubule?
They are reabsorbed into the bloodstream
How does the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) change in response to increased blood pressure in diabetes or chronic hypertension?
It decreases
What is the primary function of the apical endocytic organelles in the epithelial cells of the proximal convoluted tubule?
Endocytosis of proteins and carbohydrates
What is the primary driving force behind the reabsorption of water and ions in the proximal convoluted tubule?
Osmotic pressure
What is the primary effect of a decrease in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) on the body's ability to excrete drugs?
It decreases the rate of drug excretion
What is the primary function of glomerular filtration in the nephron?
To filter waste products from the blood
Which of the following factors has the most significant impact on glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
Hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillary
What is the primary function of renal tubular resorption?
To reabsorb useful substances such as water and electrolytes
What is the normal range of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in humans?
80-120 mL/min
What is the effect of increased fluid intake on urine production?
It increases urine production
What is the primary function of the renal system?
To filter waste products from the blood and produce urine
What is the term for the rate at which the kidneys filter waste products from the blood?
Glomerular filtration rate
Which of the following processes is responsible for the reabsorption of useful substances from the filtrate?
Renal tubular resorption
In the descending limb of the Loop of Henle, which of the following substances is more permeable than sodium chloride?
Water
What is the primary function of the juxtaglomerular cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
To sense changes in blood pressure and stimulate the release of renin
Which part of the Loop of Henle is responsible for generating a high solute concentration in the interstitial fluid?
Ascending limb
What is the effect of the ascending limb on the urine produced?
It makes the urine more dilute and hypotonic
What is the role of the macula densa cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
To respond to changes in solute concentration and stimulate the release of renin
Which structure is responsible for the passage of water from the descending limb to the interstitial fluid?
Loop of Henle
What is the primary function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
To regulate the glomerular filtration rate by controlling the afferent arteriole
In the Loop of Henle, which of the following substances is impermeable to water?
Ascending limb
This quiz covers the physiology of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in the kidneys, including the factors that affect GFR, such as blood pressure and renal blood flow. It also touches on the importance of understanding GFR in patients with kidney damage or failure.
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