Nephrology: Glomerular Filtration Rate

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the urinary system?

To remove excess fluid, waste products through producing and expelling urine (correct)

To store proteins

To remove excess nutrients from the blood

To regulate body temperature

Where are the kidneys located?

In the thoracic cavity

On the ventral side of the abdominal cavity

On the dorsal side of the abdominal cavity (correct)

In the pelvic cavity

What is produced by the kidneys?

Thyroxine

Adrenaline

Insulin

Erythropoietin (correct)

What is the term for the volume of filtrate formed by both kidneys each minute?

Glomerular filtration rate Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the renal cortex?

To filter blood Signup and view all the answers

What is the renal medulla?

The innermost part of the kidney Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of filtrate that reaches the distal convoluted tubule?

15-20% Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the renal pyramids?

To secrete urine Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the collecting ducts?

To reabsorb as much water as the body needs Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process by which useful substances are reabsorbed from the filtrate back into the blood?

Selective reabsorption Signup and view all the answers

What is formed when two to three minor calyces come together?

One major calyx Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process by which wastes are secreted from the blood into the filtrate?

Tubular secretion Signup and view all the answers

What is the blood supply to the kidneys by way of?

Renal artery Signup and view all the answers

What is the condition that occurs when excess K+ ions are not secreted from the blood into the filtrate?

Hyperkalemia Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the original filtrate reaches the Henle loop?

60-70% Signup and view all the answers

What is the daily volume of filtrate formed by the two kidneys?

180 litres Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the renal pelvis in the urinary system?

To store urine before it is discharged into the ureter Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the adrenal glands in the urinary system?

To regulate blood pressure and sodium and water retention Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the nephron?

To filter the blood and regulate electrolytes and waste products Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which the kidneys filter the blood?

Glomerular filtration Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the glomerulus?

To filter the blood Signup and view all the answers

What is the proximal convoluted tubule?

The first portion of the nephron nearest to the glomerular capsule Signup and view all the answers

Where are the loops of Henle located?

In the renal medulla Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the glomerular filtrate?

It passes through the tubules before emerging as urine Signup and view all the answers

What type of muscle contractions help transport urine along the ureters?

Involuntary smooth muscle contractions Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the trigone region in the bladder?

To connect the bladder to the ureters Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the urethra?

To transport urine from the bladder to the outside of the body Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of glomerular filtration?

The filtration of blood Signup and view all the answers

What type of substances are carried by the afferent arterioles?

Both useful and harmful substances Signup and view all the answers

What is the pressure known as that forces blood to leave the glomerulus?

Hydrostatic pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary component of urine?

Water Signup and view all the answers

How many steps are involved in the process of urine formation?

3 Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

The Urinary System

The urinary system, also called the renal system, includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.
The purpose of the urinary system is to remove excess fluid, waste products through producing and expelling urine, and performing endocrine functions and balancing water content.

Kidneys

The kidneys are organs located on the dorsal side of the abdominal cavity, responsible for removing waste products from the blood in the form of urine, regulating the chemical composition of blood, producing hormones, producing the enzyme renin, and maintaining fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balances.
Kidneys are highly vascular, containing a great number of blood vessels.
Each kidney comprises three regions: the renal cortex, the renal medulla, and the renal pelvis.

Renal Cortex

The renal cortex is the outer layer of the kidney, containing blood-filtering mechanisms and protected by layers of fat and a fibrous capsule.

Renal Medulla

The renal medulla is the innermost part of the kidney, split into different sections called renal pyramids.

Renal Pyramids

Renal pyramids are cone-shaped tissues of the kidney that empty into minor calyces.
Two to three minor calyces come together to form one major calyx.
Renal pyramids secrete urine.

Renal Pelvis

The renal pelvis is the innermost layer of the kidney, where urine is discharged before being funneled into the ureter.

The Nephron

The nephron is the basic structural and functional unit of the kidney and the site of urine formation.
Nephrons perform two main functions: the secretion and reabsorption of ions and the filtration of fluids, electrolytes, acids, bases, and waste products into the tubular system.

Glomerular Filtration

The process by which the kidneys filter the blood is called glomerular filtration.
Glomerular filtration takes place through the semipermeable walls of the glomerular capillaries and Bowman’s capsule.
The glomerular hydrostatic pressure forces the blood to leave the glomerulus, resulting in filtration of blood.

Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion

Selective reabsorption occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule, where useful substances including some water, electrolytes, and organic nutrients are reabsorbed from the filtrate back into the blood.
In the Henle loop, water, sodium, and chloride are reabsorbed, and only 15-20% of the original filtrate reaches the distal convoluted tubule.
In the collecting ducts, water is reabsorbed according to the body’s needs, and electrolytes are reabsorbed, especially sodium.

Ureters, Bladder, and Urethra

The ureters are bro-muscular ducts that connect the kidneys to the bladder, transporting urine through peristaltic waves.
The bladder is a muscular organ that stores urine, with a trigone region containing three openings.
The urethra is the small duct by which urine passes from the bladder to the outside of the body.

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Description

This quiz covers the process of filtration in the kidneys, including the glomerular filtration rate and the molecules that can pass through the filtration slits.